• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.712-722
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the residual properties of tebuconazole-treated pigs. Twenty pigs were treated with different concentrations (0.25, 1.25, 2.5, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg bw/d) of tebuconazole for 28 d. Blood biochemistry, histology, and residual levels were analyzed using the VetTest analyzer, Masson's trichrome staining kit, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. The final body weights were not significantly different between the control and treatment groups. Alkaline phosphatase, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were significantly different from those of the control after exposure for 14 d. However, alanine aminotransferase levels showed changes only after exposure to pesticides for 28 d. The biochemical parameters were separated during the experimental period (14 d versus 28 d) by principal component analysis. Based on variable importance plots, blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase are candidate biomarkers for tebuconazole exposure. The residual levels were observed at T4 (12.5 mg/kg bw/d) and T5 (25 mg/kg bw/d) in the liver and fat tissues, respectively. Fibrosis increased in the liver, kidney, and fat tissues, depending on the tebuconazole concentration. In conclusion, the residue limits of tebuconazole and the physiological changes caused by dietary tebuconazole in pigs provide important information for establishing maximum residue limits of pork and pork products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.446-456
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• 2001

This study was carried out for the dietry safely based on the level of pesticide residues In 13 kinds of agricultural products consumed in Kyonggi-Do. Korea. From June to October 2000, sixteen organochlorine pesticides in 397 samples were analyzed by using GC/ECD and GC/MSD. According to the results, endosulfan were detected in 27(7.8%) samples and chlorothalonil were detected in 4(1.0%) samples. Detection ranges of endosulfan were 3.7437∼ 0.0488ppm for lettuce, 2.1902 ∼0.1423ppm for spinach, 2.4909 ∼0.0786ppm for mallow and 3.2333∼0.3997ppm for mustard leaf, respectively Chlorothalonil were 5.8097 for lettuce and 0.8962ppm for spinach. Consequently, six agricutural products were detected more than the maximum residue limits in Korea Endosulfan were detected In 5(1.8%) samples and cholrothalonil were detected in 1(0.3%) sample. Detection rates of endosulfan sulfate(45.9%) of agricultural products were more than $\alpha$-endosulfan(28.5% ) and $\beta$-endosulfan (23.9% ) .

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.266-271
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• 2006

This study was monitored for 14 pesticide residues in agricultural products for the army, such as fruit vegetables(pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, melon and water melon), leafy vegetables(Korean cabbage, spinach, lettuce, crown daisy, cabbage, green onion), mushrooms(agaric, p'yogo), and bean sprouts produced in Kyunggi-do and Inchon-City. From January to December 2005, ten carbamate pesticides in 356 samples were analyzed by HPLC. One kind of pesticide was detected in 8 samples of detection rate (2.53%), and two pesticides were in one sample of detection rate(0.27%). Aldicarb, bendiocarb, fenobucarb, methiocarb, isoprocarb, and propoxur were not found in all samples. Detection rates of pesticides were 0.84% for methomyl, 0.56% for carbofuran, 0.56% for ethiofencarb, and 0.28% for carbayl. Dectection ranges of pesticides were from 0.01 to 2.9 mg/kg for ethiofencarb, from 0.1 to 0.23 mg/kg for methomyl, from 0.20 to 0.24 mg/kg for carbofuran, and 0.01 mg/kg for carbaryl, respectively. Consequently, detection levels of all pesticides in samples were less than the maximum residue limits(MRLs) in Korea representing that all agricultural products for the army were safe.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 2014

Aquaculture drugs have used to prevent disease in aquaculture field for many years. In spite of many advantages, overdose and abuse may cause environmental pollutions and antibiotic resistances. Many countries try to protect the environment, biospecies and food safety. Recently, Korea enact laws and ordinances such as the Aquatic Animal Disease Control Act. The purpose of this act to contribute to the stable production and control system for aquatic diseases. The Maximum residue limits (MRLs) of aquaculture drugs have been established by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and Drug licensing was in National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI) by Aquatic Animal Disease Control Act. There is 750 items in aquaculture drugs and these are classified into 4 group, which is approval, necessary for prescription, unregulated and safety drug, and banned drug. MRLs of 30 items in aquaculture drug have been established by Food Sanitation Act. Future research is required to determine the suitable for abundant varied fishes of drugs for side effects and safety.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.201-215
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• 1999

Limited information is available on the acceptability of Korean MRLs(maximum residue limits) and the health risk based on the pesticide exposure by food intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate TMDI(theoretical maximum daily intake) and EDI(estimated daily intake) for Korean by using MRLs, food intake, residue data, and correction factors, and compare with ADI(acceptable daily intake) in order to estimate the health risk based on the pesticide exposure. The study was performed in three steps. In the frist step, the residual pesticides in each category of food were investigated using the pesticide residue analytical data(1995-96) from officially approved organizations and the analytical data for poultry was adopted from Korean food code method. In the second step, TMDI was estimated from MRLs and food factors, and was compared with ADI. In the third step, the effectiveness of each culinary treatment (washing, peeling, steaming, boiling, and salting) was evaluated and EDI was calculated using pesticide residue data, food factor, and correction factor by treatment. TMDI obtained from MRLs and food intake, and food intake was summed as 1,100.99 g, which was 79.1% of total consumption. The percent ratio of TMDI to ADI for 156 pesticides was mostly below 80% and only 30 pesticides exceeded the ADI. In particular, non-treated EDI from pesticide residue data and food intake was summed up to about 43 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/capita, and the rank was procymidone(8.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > maleic hydrazide(8.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > EPN(3.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > deltamethrin(3.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$) > cypermethrin(3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$). The treated EDI calculated from pesticide residue data, food intake, and correction factor by culinary treatment was summed up to 13.7 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day/captia. The percentage of ADI was TMDI(79.74%) > non-treated EDI (0.17%) > treated EDI (0.04%), and the exposure level of Korean population to whole pesticides was below the level to produce health risk. Oncogenic risk of five pesticides used in Korea whose oncogenic potency(Q*) was known were assessed from TMDI and treated EDI. Dietary oncogenic risk for Korean was estimated to be 2.0$\times$10-3 on the basis of TMDI, 8.3$\times$10-7 on the basis of treated EDI. The oncogenic risk from TMDI exceeded the risk level(1$\times$10-6) of EPA, whereas the oncogenic risk from treated EDI and real exposure level lower than that of EPA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.328-335
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: The present investigation was aimed to predict the pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) of the fluopicolide and metrafenone on cherry tomato and to estimate their half-life and characteristics of the residues.METHODS AND RESULTS: Pesticides were treated once on cherry tomato in field 1 and 2 under the standard application rate. The samples were collected 7 times at the end of 0(2 hours after pesticides spaying), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days before harvest. Residues of fluopicolide and metrafenone were analyzed by the LC-MS/MS. In this study, the method limit of quantification (MLOQ) for both fluopicolide and metrafenone in cherry tomato was found to be 0.005 mg kg-1. Their recovery levels were 92.7∼94.8% and 82.6∼88.0%, shown with coefficient of variation of less than 10%. Half-life of fluopicolide and metrafenone in field 1 and 2 were found to be 15.0 days and 12.8 days, 18.9 days and 21.5 days, respectively.CONCLUSION: Based on the results, this study shows the level of PHRL on cherry tomato is 0.27 mg/kg for fluopicolide and 2.29 mg/kg for metrafenone at 10 days before harvesting. The present study indicates the residues of both pesticides on cherry tomato will be below maximum residue limit (MRL) at harvest.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.173-181
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• 2022

This study was carried out to investigate the residual characteristics of flubendiamide in kale to establish pre-harvest residue limits (PHRL) and the removal efficiency according to the washing solvent and method. Field tests were conducted at two different greenhouses, field 1 (Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do) and field 2 (Incheon-si, Gyeonggi-do). According to the safe use guidelines kale was sprayed with flubendiamide twice every 10 days and harvested 0 (after 2 h), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days after the final application. The biological half-live of flubendiamide in kale was calculated based on dissipation curves of the pesticide in samples analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In the analysis, method limits of quantitation (MLOQ) were 0.01 mg/kg, and recoveries performed with two different fortification levels of 10 MLOQ and maximum residue limit (0.7 mg/kg) were 104.2±3.6 and 101.9±10.2%, respectively. The dissipation rate constant of flubendiamide in kales were 0.2437 at field 1 and 0.1981 at field 2. PHRL calculation equations obtained using the dissipation constants estimated as follows: if the residual concentration of flubendiamide in kale on 10 days before harvest is less than 8.0 mg/kg, the residual concentration on the harvest would be under MRL. The removal of flubendiamide from kale was the greatest when it was washed with vinegar (39.8%), followed by baking soda (31.7%), calcium powder (30.2%), neutral detergent (27.2%), and tap water (15.9%). The results of this study would be useful for both farmers and consumers to produce or consume safe agricultural products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.34-43
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• 2001

For 202 pesticides with maximum residue limit(MRL) in Korea, anticipated problems were identified and remedial actions were suggested. The risk index expressed as the ratio of theoretical maximum daily intake against ADI which exceeds 80% appeared in 35 pesticides. Items showing 10-fold difference between Korea and Codex MRLs appeared in 35 pesticides and 47 food commodities. In any of the 202 pesticides, nominated crops without MRL were 33 items whereas non-nominated crops with MRL were 50 items. Under the Codex system, cases of separate MRLs among raw materials and processed products were exampled. Remedial actions to minimize the above-mentioned discrepancies were suggested respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2023

Residue monitoring of propiconazole (PCZ) in cabbage, shallot, and spinach was conducted under multi-trial greenhouse conditions. This study aimed to understand the fate of the applied fungicide in these vegetables. Furthermore, the associated health risk of PCZ in leafy vegetables was assessed through dietary risk assessment. Commercially available PCZ (22% suspension concentrate) was administered thrice according to the OECD fungicide application interval guideline. The plant samples were extracted using a slightly modified QuEChERS technique and analyzed using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The average PCZ recovery was between 84.5% and 117.6%, with a <5% coefficient of variance. The dissipation of PCZ residue in cabbage, shallot, and spinach after 14 days was 96%, 90%, and 99%, respectively, with half-lives of <5 days. Meanwhile, dietary risk assessments of PCZ residues in the studied vegetables using the risk quotient (RQ) were significant < 100 (RQ < 100). Thus, the population groups considered in this study were not at substantial risk from consuming leafy vegetables sprayed with PCZ following critical, good agricultural practices.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1430-1434
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• 2009

The present study used the liquid extraction pretreatment method and developed a liquid chromatographyultraviolet detector (LC-UV) for the simultaneous determination of 14 sulfonamides (SAs) residues in porcine and chicken muscle. Linearity within a range of $50-150\;{\mu}g/kg$ was obtained with the correlation coefficient ($r^2$) of 0.9673-0.9997. The mean recovery of SAs was 55.9-109.7% (relative standard deviations; RSDs 1.7-17.3%) in porcine muscle and 52.8-112.4% (RSDs 2.3-16.9%) in chicken muscle. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 2-32 and $7-96\;{\mu}g/kg$ in porcine muscle, and 4-32 and $13-97\;{\mu}g/kg$ in chicken muscle, respectively. These values were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) established by the European Union. The sum of all SAs residues present should be less than $100\;{\mu}g/kg$.