• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
• /
• 제24권1_2호
• /
• pp.49-64
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we investigate optimal policies for three age-dependent populations in a competition system, which is controlled by fertility. By using Dubovitskii-Milyutin's general theory, the maximum principles are obtained for problems with free terminal states, infinite horizon and target sets, respectively.

• 품질경영학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.136-141
• /
• 2007

For many products failures depend on age and usage and, in this case, failures are random points in a two-dimensional plane with the two axes representing age and usage. Models play an important role in decision-making. In this research, an accelerate failure test (AFT) model is proposed to deal with the two-dimensional data. The parameters are proposed to be estimated through maximum likelihood estimators.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.207-218
• /
• 1997

We consider two models for the growth of population with overlaping generations. First, the model we will describe is basically the model given by Leslie(1945). This is only a one-sex model of population age structure and growth. Next, we introduce a model in which couples must be formed before reproduction occurs. If the maximum number of couples is formed, and if the couples are only formed from fermales of age x-a and males of age x at time t, $\alpha$ > 0. Then, we will solve the renewal equations for the reproductive value.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.931-936
• /
• 2009

Body weights of 862 Angora goats between birth and 36 months of age, recorded on a semiyearly basis from 1988 to 2000, were used to estimate genetic, permanent environmental and phenotypic covariance functions. These functions were estimated by fitting a random regression model with 6th order polynomial for direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects and 4th and 5th order polynomial for maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects, respectively. A phenotypic covariance function was estimated by modelling overall animal and maternal effects. The results showed that the most variable coefficient was the intercept for both direct and maternal additive genetic effects. The direct additive genetic (co)variances increased with age and reached a maximum at about 30 months, whereas the maternal additive genetic (co)variances increased rapidly from birth and reached a maximum at weaning, and then decreased with age. Animal permanent environmental (co)variances increased with age from birth to 30 months with lower rate before 12 months and higher rate between 12 and 30 months. Maternal permanent environmental (co)variances changed little before 6 months but then increased slowly and reached a maximum at about 30 months. These results suggested that the contribution of maternal additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to growth variation differed from those of direct additive genetic and animal permanent environmental effects not only in expression time, but also in action magnitude. The phenotypic (co)variance estimates increased with age from birth to 36 months of age.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.161-176
• /
• 2005

We consider a model of population dynamics whose mortality function is unbounded. We note that the regularity of the solution depends on the growth rate of the mortality near the maximum age. We propose Gauss-Legendre methods along the characteristics to approximate the solution when the solution is smooth enough. It is proven that the scheme is convergent at fourth-order rate in the maximum norm. We also propose discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods to approximate the solution which is not smooth enough. The stability of the method is discussed. Several numerical examples are presented.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제39권5호
• /
• pp.123-135
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to examine bedroom-need norms and the relationship between normative deficits for bedroom sharing and housing space satisfaction of adolescent. Three cases were mainly considered to apply for adolescents to share a bedroom: maximum age and number limits of a child sharing a parents'bedroom, maximum age of an old child sharing a bedroom with its siblings of the opposite sex, and maximum age of an old child sharing a bedroom with its siblings of the same sex. The data were collected 400 eighth grade students in the three different size of regions, June-July, 1999 and 379 cases were finally analyzed. The result showed that the normative deficits for bedroom sharing was a statistically signiticant factor to explain housing space satisfaction of adolescents even though the condition of bedroom sharing was the most influencial variable. This reset supports the family housing adjustment behavior model of Morris and Winter.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.269-276
• /
• 2016

고산리 유적은 우리나라 최초 토기로 알려진 고산리식 토기가 출토된 초기 신석기시대 유적이다. 이 연구에서는 고산리 유적의 형성 및 점유에 대한 절대연대 편년을 위하여 유적 내 표준 퇴적층에서 채취된 시료를 대상으로 OSL 연대측정을 수행하였다. 각 퇴적층의 고고선량은 $220^{\circ}C$ 열전처리 온도의 단일시료재현법을 적용하여 산출되었으며, 최종적으로 유적의 퇴적환경을 고려하여 maximum age model을 적용하여 결정하였다. 산출된 고고선량을 연간선량율로 나누어 고산리 유적 퇴적층의 OSL 연대를 결정하였다. 각 퇴적층의 OSL 연대와 14C 연대를 종합한 결과, 고산리 유적은 신석기인들에 의해 기원전 9천년 이후에 형성된 이후 고산리식 토기를 포함하는 신석기시대 초기 유적에서부터 다양한 시기의 다양한 유구가 존재해 오다가 기원전 4천년 중반에 폐기되어 현재에 이르렀다고 추론된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제17권9호
• /
• pp.1281-1285
• /
• 2004

A line of Japanese quail selected for increased body weight for 15 generations (C) and an unselected control line (K) were used to examine the impact of selection for body weight on the growth curve of Japanese quail. In addition, the effect of sex on the growth curve in each line was also studied, namely females of C (CF), males of C (CM), females of K (KF) and males of K (KM). The monophasic and diphasic growth models were studied for adequacy in describing growth curves of quail in both sexes of the C and K lines. The monophasic function provided almost the same growth rate for both sexes in both lines. However, the growth rates calculated by means of the diphasic function differed between sexes for both lines, except for those calculated for C during the second growth phase. While there were 2-3 days difference between sexes in age at maximum gain in both lines with a monophasic model, the difference between sexes in the age at maximum gain in both lines became greater according to the diphasic model. There were 5 and 7 days difference between sexes in the age at maximum gain in line C for the first and second growth phases, respectively. A difference between sexes of 18 and 11 days in the age at maximum gain for the first and second phases, respectively, was estimated for line K when the diphasic function was fitted. The use of diphasic functions provides more detailed information on growth patterns. The results showed that the use of the diphasic function was better because it provided greater insights into understanding the biology of growth.

• 응용통계연구
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.709-719
• /
• 2011

We investigate the latent stage-sequential patterns of drinking behaviors of U.S. adolescents who have started to drink by age 14 years (seven years before the legal drinking age). A multiple-group latent transition analysis(LTA) with logistic regression is employed to identify the subsequent patterns of drinking behaviors among early-onset drinkers. A sample of 1407 early-onset adolescents from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth(NLSY97) is analyzed using maximum-likelihood estimation. The analysis demonstrates that early-onset adolescents' drinking behaviors can be represented by four latent classes and their prevalence and transition are influenced by demographic factors of gender, age, and race.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.302-307
• /
• 2010

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of maternal factors on body weight at hatching (day-old) and at six weeks of age in a commercial broiler line. A total of 6,765 records on body weight at day-old (BWTDO) and 115,421 records on body weight at six weeks of age (BWT6W), originated from a commercial broiler line during 14 generations, were used to estimate genetic parameters related to the effects of maternal traits on body weight of chicks immediately after hatch or six weeks thereafter. The data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood procedure (REML) and an animal model with DFREML software. Direct heritability ($h^{2}{_a}$), maternal heritability ($h^{2}{_m}$), and maternal environmental variance as the proportions of phenotypic variance ($c^{2}$) for body weight at day-old were estimated to be 0.050, 0.351, and 0.173, respectively. The respective estimated values for body weight at six weeks of age were 0.340, 0.022, and 0.030. The correlation coefficient between direct and maternal genetic effects for six-week-old body weight was found to be -0.335. Covariance components and genetic correlations were estimated using a bivariate analysis based on the best model determined by a univariate analysis. Between weights at hatching and at six week-old, the values of -0.07, 0.53 and 0.47 were found for the direct additive genetic variance, maternal additive genetic variance and permanent maternal environmental variance, respectively. The estimated correlation between direct additive genetic effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive maternal effect affecting weight at six weeks of age was -0.21, whereas the correlation value of 0.15 was estimated between direct additive maternal effect influencing weight at hatch and direct additive genetic effect affecting weight at six-week-old. From the present findings, it can be concluded that the maternal additive genetic effect observed for weight at six weeks of age might be a factor transferred from genes influencing weight at hatch to weight at six-week-old.