• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 2001

We have examined if lactic acid bacteria could suppress the toxic effect of bisphenol A. Lactobacillus casei YA-70 was chosen as representative. Thirty rats were divided into two groups (immature and mature) according to the weight. Each group was divided again into the control group (only alcohol treatment), bisphenol A treated group, and bisphenol A plus Lactobacillus casei YA-70 treated group. When 500 ppm of bisphenol A was fed everyday, 83% of immature group and 50% of mature group died within 3 weeks. Their internal organs, mainly livers and lungs, were changed in color and severely damaged. In the intestine of 5 ppm-fed group tumor-like nodules were observed. However, their number and size were markedly decreased when Lactobacillus casei YA-70 was supplemented in diet. This study strongly indicates that Lactobacillus casei YA-70 might play an important role to suppress the toxic effect of endocrine disruptor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.828-833
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• 2002

Thirty mature pregnant ewes of the Phan Rang breed with an initial live weight of 30 to 45 kg were used to compare the effects of three different diets in late pregnancy on ewe and lamb performance. All diets contained 20% of whole sugar cane, 16% rice bran, 26% cassava root and 6% molasses urea block. The remaining 32% of dry matter consisted of Jackfruit (JF diet), 16% each of Jackfruit and Cassava foliage (JF+CS diet) or Jackfruit and Flemingia foliage (JF+FM diet). The diets were fed at 3.5% of actual BW of the individual animal. The foliages were offered at 120% of the amount decided in the diets of the requirements. The JF+CS diet resulted in significantly higher feed intake than the JF diet, and also a higher feed intake than the JF+FM diet, but this difference was not significant. The ewe weight changes during the last 8 weeks of pregnancy, or from start to 24 h after lambing, were significantly different. The highest weight gain was obtained from the ewes fed the JF+CS diet. Diets had no effect on weight changes of ewes during 3 weeks after lambing but a significant effect on the litter birth weight, with the JF+CS diet giving the highest litter birth weight. There was, however, no effect on the litter weight at 21 days or litter growth rate from birth to 21 days due to the experimental diets.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.809-816
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of maternal nutritional status and health behaviors on the concentrations of minerals (Zn, Fe, Ca) and the immunological substances (lactoferrin, sIgA, Iysozyme) in breast milk. Breast milk was collected from 193 healthy Korean women from obstetric clinics and postpartum care centers in Seoul. : 99 colostrum (1 - 5 days postpartum), 33 transitional milk (6 - 10 days postpartum), 61 mature milk (11 - 50 days postpartum). The concentrations of minerals and immunological substance were highest in colostrum and decreased with lactational period. Concentrations of Zn and Fe reduced significantly from colostrum to mature milk, however, Ca concentration stayed constant throughout the lactational period. Contents of lactoferrin, sIgA, and lysozyme were significantly lower in mature milk than in colostrum. Mother's nutritional status, assessed by prepregnancy BMI, had an effect only on colostrum, but not on transition and mature milk. Fe concentration of colostrum was significantly lower in underweight (prepregnancy BMI < 18.5) than in overweight mothers (prepregnancy BMI $\geq$ 23.0). Also lower tendency was observed for sIgA and lysozyme contents, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Pregnancy weight gain had no effect on the breast milk component. Since nutritional factors had some effect on colostrum, the health behaviors of mothers providing colostrum were assessed. The mother's behavior of smoking, drinking, morning sickness, parity, disease, nutrient supplement use had no significant effect on the breast milk component, however, Zn, sIgA, and lysozyme were the somewhat affected components by maternal health behavior.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.193-196
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• 2001

IL-18. formerly known as IGIF(interferon -gamma inducing factor), is structurally IL-l related but functionally IL-12 related pro-inflammatory cytokine. The human IL -18(hIL-lS), like IL-$1{\beta}$, is synthesized as a biologically inactive precursor of 24kDa lacking a signal peptide, and then cleaved into an active mature form by cystein protease IL-$1{\beta}$ converting enzyme (ICE: caspase- 1), We tested if the mature hIL -18 can be expressed and secreted into culture medium by transforming the forming gene construct consisting of a mature hIL-18 gene fused to signal peptide of rice amylase lA. Secondly, we were tested if the pro- IL-18 could be processed into a biologically active form by caspase-l like protease in plant. Cell suspension culture was established from the leaf-derived calli of transgenic tobacco plant. Southern and Northern blot analysis indicated the expression of both pro-hIL-18 and mature hIL-18 plant cells. Western blot analysis introduced the protein products of pro- hIL -18 and mhIL -18 were observed in transigenic cell lines. In addition, the molecular size of recombinant pro-hILl-18 and mhIL-18 were estimated to be 24kDa and 18kDa, respectively. ELISA revealed that the amount of pro- hIL -18 was 1.3ug per gram of fresh weight calli. Moreover, the presence of mhIL-18 was detected in the culture medium and it appeared to be 25ug/L.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.215-220
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• 1985

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of organic materials application on the growth of peanut, yield and chemical properties in mature field and newly reclaimed upland soil. The result can be summarized as follow. 1. Application of rice straw and rice hull increased the yield of peanut in mature field and compost plot was more yield than any other plot in newly reclaimed upland soil. 2. Rice straw and rice hull plot was heavier the weight of needles per plant than compost plot in newly reclaimed soil. 3. There was high correlation between soil O.M. at flowering stage and yield in newly reclaimed upland soil but was not significant in mature field. 4. Contents of soil O.M. did not change in mature field however this was increased tendency in newly reclaimed upland soil.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.390-402
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• 2022

In this study we investigate physical and chemical characteristics of immature and mature skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) roes in fresh and dried forms. Fresh roes were studied for histological structure and also dried by three methods: hot air drying (HD), vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD). The obtained roe powders were analysed for proximate composition, color value, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile, equivalent umami concentration (EUC) and protein pattern. Unyolked oocytes were more common in immature roes, while fully yolked oocytes were more common in mature roes. All dried tuna roes contained high content of protein and lipid (69.31%-70.55% and 11.14%-16.02%, respectively). The powders obtained by FD provided the highest lightness value (L^*). The main fatty acid found in all roe powders was docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (23.49%-27.02%). Glutamic acid, leucine, and aspartic acid were the three most abundant amino acids found in the powders (13.58-14.61, 8.06-8.42, and 7.81-8.39 g/100 g of protein, respectively). The mature roe powder obtained from HD provided the highest EUC value (73.09 g monosodium glutamate/100 g of samples). The protein band at molecular weight of 97 kDa (vitelline) represented the major protein. Therefore, dried tuna roe could be a functional ingredient source of protein and lipid rich in DHA and it also has potential to be used as taste enhancer with umami compound.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1684-1688
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• 2007

This study examined the caponization effects on the muscle characteristics (quality and quantity) of caponized male chickens fed before or after sexual maturity. Healthy and uniform Single Comb White Leghorn chickens were caponized at 3-week-old. Feeding was conducted until 16-week-old in trial 1 or from 12-week-old to 26-week-old in trial 2. Ten sham operated male chickens (Sham) were also assigned to each trial as the control group. Chickens used in both trials were housed in individual cages with each chicken representing one replicate. The results showed that early caponization (3-week-old) significantly increased (p<0.05) body weight and pectoral major muscle weight and percentage at 16-week-old compared to the Sham in trial 1. Caponization significantly increased (p<0.05) the protein content of the pectoral major muscle, but decreased (p<0.05) the ash content. Late caponization (12-week-old) significantly decreased (p<0.05) the ash content, myofibrillar ATPase activity and emulsification capacity of the pectoral major muscle in mature capons (26-week-old) compared to the Sham in trial 2. Early caponization (3-week-old) only increased the weight and protein content of the pectoral major muscle with decreased ash content in 16-week-old capons. Late caponization (12-week-old) showed no affects on pectoral major muscle quantity, while it decreased the ATPase activity and enhanced the emulsification capacity in mature (26-week-old) capons. Hence, the muscle quality improvement was shown as capons were fed to sexual maturity.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.229-237
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• 2022

This study investigated the growth characteristics of four strains of newly developed synthetic Korean native commercial chickens (KNCs). We investigated a suitable growth curve model in KNCs and estimated the number of days to reach a 2 kg market weight. Body weight was measured at 2-week intervals from birth to 12 weeks of age. The growth curves were estimated using von Berteralanffy, Gompertz, and logistic functions. The results showed that males were significantly heavier than females at all ages, but there were no significant differences in body weight between strains, except at birth and 2 and 6 weeks of age. The coefficients of determination and adjusted determination of growth function had high goodness-of-fit (97.4~99.7). Of the growth curve parameters, the mature weight and growth ratio were higher in males than in females, but the maturity rate was similar in males and females. The inflection point occurred at approximately 7 weeks of age for females and 8 to 9 weeks of age for males. The weights estimated from the growth curve functions almost agreed with the actual weights, except for male weights estimated using the von Bertalanffy function. The coefficients of determination of the regression equations for weight to age were 0.9583 to 0.9746. The 8- and 10-week-old body weights estimated using the regression equation, and the 12-week-old weight estimated using the logistic function were most similar to the actual weight. Using these models, the estimated age of KNCs to reach 2 kg was 62.0~64.6 days for males and 74.9~78.6 days for females.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-132
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• 2009

The gonadosomatic index (GSI), fatness, ovarian development, first sexual maturity, and fecundity of the Korean anchovy Coilia nasus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric analysis from January to December, 2007. The GSI and fatness began to increase in February, and reached the maximum in June when the ovary was getting mature and spawning occurred. Thereafter these parametes rapidly decreased in July when spawning occurred. Therefore, monthly changes in the GSI and fatness were closely related to ovarian maturation and spawning. The duration of ovarian development in females can be classified into five successive stages: early growing stage (February to March), late growing stage (March to April), mature stage (May to June), ripe and spent stage (June to July), and recovery and resting stage (December to January). Maturation and spawning of this species occurred between June and July during the period of high seawater temperature-long day length. Percentages of first sexual maturity in female individuals were over 50% for fish ranging 24.1 to 27.0 cm in total length, and 100% for fish over 30.1 cm in total length. The number of total eggs and mature eggs in the absolute fecundity were increased with the increase of total length and body weight, respectively. The number of total eggs and mature eggs in relative fecundity were also proportional to total length, but rather these numbers decreased in the maximum body weight (126.0${\sim}$150.0 g).

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.222-236
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• 1994

Sexual maturation and spawning of the spottybelly greenling, Hexagrammos agrammus were histologically studied under photomicroscopy by considering changes in gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and fatness, egg diameter composition, first sexual maturity and fecundity. The fish samples were collected monthly at the coastal area of Tongbaeksom, Pusan, Korea from July 1991 to July 1992. The gonadosomatic index(GSI) increased in September and reached the maximum value(female 4.31, male 1.61) in November when the gonad was mature and ripe. The values were decreased suddenly during the spawning season from December, and declined from January to August. The annual variations of hepatosomatic index(HSI) appeared to be correlated with those of GSI in female but were not significantly correlated in male. HSI in female began to increase in autumn with the increase of GSI, and reached the maximum in winter when the ovary was mature. Percentages of first sexual maturity in female and male fish were 50 % in 11.0~11.9 cm and 100 % in 13.0~13.9 cm groups. Both sexes participated in reproduction from one year old. H. agrammus was considered as a polycyclic species and spawns 3 times or more in the spawning season. Number of total and mature eggs in the absolute fecundity were proportional to standard length and body weight, respectively. Number of total and mature eggs in relative fecundity were also proportional to standard length, but rather decrease with increasing of body weight. Fatness coefficients reached the maximum value(female 15.32, male 15.14) in September(growing stage), and the values were sharply decreased after spawning. Thereafter, fatness values were gradually increased, therefore, the monthly changes in fatness coefficient closely correlated with the reproductive cycle. Sex ratios of female and male sexes of this species are showed 54.18 %, 45.82 %, respectively.