• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

This study was conducted to establish the standard method for the contents of biotin in milk formulas. To optimize the method, we compared several conditions for liquid extraction, purification and instrumental measurement using spiked samples and certified reference material (NIST SRM 1849a) as test materials. LC-MS/MS method for biotin was established using $C_{18}$ column and binary gradient 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid/water mobile phase is applied for biotin. Product-ion traces at m/z 245.1 ${\rightarrow}$ 227.1, 166.1 are used for quantitative analysis of biotin. The linearity was over $R^2=0.999$ in range of $5{\sim}60{\mu}g/L$. For purification, chloroform was used as a solvent for eliminating lipids in milk formula. The linearity was over 0.999 in range of 5~60 ng/mL. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.10, 0.31 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision of LC-MS/MS method using CRM were 103%, 2.5% respectively. Optimized methods were applied in sample analysis to verify the reliability. All the tested milk formulas were acceptable contents of biotin compared with component specification and standards for nutrition labeling. The standard operating procedures were prepared for biotin to provide experimental information and to strengthen the management of nutrient in milk formula.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.98-108
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• 1974

Fourteen varieties of Korean chestnut were subjected to the test of adaptability for processing and the possibilities of colored products development. The fruit size of Korean chestnut ranged $11{\sim}18g$ and these small fruits could not be expected to be utilized for the processing of Marron glaces which requires larger size as $25{\sim}30g$. As the storge period is extended the discoloration tendency of chestnut flesh was increasingly developed, however, the fresh chestnut has shown layer-separating phenomenon and ragged surface of fruit which delivers disagreeable appearance to the finished product. The principal factors of discoloration occurred during processing were the behavior of tannin and darkening rate shown on flesh differed each other among varieties; the Chukpa and Yuma variety have exhibited the most serious discoloration and the Taab-b variety, the lightest. Taab-b variety in this connection could be expected to be available for Kanroni processing. For the industrialization of chestnut processing the flame-scorched peeling method is advisable. The capacity of this method is proportional to the square of scorching radius and highly flexible in controlling its performance. As for the processing of colored product, the sugar dehydration and coating and the sugar penetration method demand further study in basical views; however, the canned product of chestnut-redbean has shown the possibility of being utilized as a substitute for or paralleled use with the sugar-syruped canned product which so far has been considered as the only item of export to Japan.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 1972

Recent achievements of scientific research on the pharmacologic activities and the chemical problems of dammalene glycosides, which are considered to be effective principles of Korean ginseng, are reviewed and analyzed in view of structure-activity relationship. 1) S. Shibata and his co-workers detected 12 glycoside spots of dammalene series on the two dimensional T.L.C. of total glycoside fraction from Japanese ginseng, and designated them Ginsenoside Rx(x=a, b, c, g, h, etc.) in the order of increasing Rf-value. The aglycones of those glycosides were characterized to be protopanaxadiol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=a,\;b_{1},\;b_{2},\;c,\;d,\;e,\;f)$ and protopanaxatriol for the Ginsenoside $Rx(x=g_{1},\;g_{2},\;g_{3},\;h_{1}\;'h_{2})$. Using Korean ginseng as the material for our study, the author and his coworkers isolated a new dammalene glycoside(Panax Saponin C), which comes under the category of protopanaxadiol glycosides based on the classification of S. Shibata et al., and characterized this saponin to be the glycoside of protopanaxatriol series. Furthermore, Panax Saponin C dissociated into $two\;components(C_{1}\;and\;C_{2}-acetate)$ by acetylation, both of which returned to original Panax Saponin C by deacetylation. Based on this result, more than 13 glycoside components of dammalene series will be expected in the Korean ginseng. 2) The structures of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol, the genuine aglycones of dammalene glycosides, are fully established to be structural analogues by S. Shibata and his co-workers, therefore antagonistic and/or analogical activities will be expected for the pharmacologic activities of these glycoside series of structural analogues. K. Takaki and his co-workers found central nervous system (CNS) stimmulant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxatriol series and CNS-depressant activity from the glycosides of protopanaxadiol series. On the other hand, the author and his co-workers found stimmulating activity on the protein synthesis from both the series of dammalene glycosides with delayed and long-lasting characteristics. This delayed and long-lasting characteristics were also observed in the anti-inflammatory activity of glycosides of protopanaxatriol series on their time course tendency. For the convenience's sake of argument, pluralistic pharmacologic activities of dammalene glycosides, which were observed by many workers at various pharmacologic site, may be classified into two main categories; one is pan-cellular activity and the other is organ specific activity to the certain tissue which is a mass of cells differentiated to a certain direction for their special functions in the body. Based on the data of K. Takaki and those of the authors, following assumption will be probable; Pharmacologic activities of both series of glycosides of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol aglycones may be antagonistic on their tissue-specific activities and analogic on their pan-cellular activities. Therefore, the mixture of these two series of glycosides in an appropriate ratio, as the case of total extract of Korean ginseng, will be probably beneficial to the host by increasing the synthesis of some functional proteins, due to the additive action of pan-cellular activity, and with the disappearance of any significant behavioral symptoms due to the antagonism of tissue specific activity. This fact will probably be the main reason why classical trials of pharmacologists failed in re-discovering the efficacy of Korean ginseng with their behavioral test. 3) The author and his co-workers achieved the synthesis of $C^{14}-labelled\;Panax\;Saponin\;A\;on\;C_{25}-C_{27}\;position\;of\;aglycone$ in the interest of tracer studies in vivo. The method will be applicable to other dammalene glycosides regardless of their chemical structure. 4) The author and his co-workers converted chemically betulafolienetriol, a triterpene component of Betula platyphylla, to the protopanaxadiol, one of genuine aglycone of dammalene glycosides.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2008

Hectorite was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and its physicochemical properties have been investigated in terms of temperature, pH, and organic agent to observe the change of doll basal spacing. The IR, CEC, MB, swelling volume and specific surface area of the hectorite were measured for the characterization. The solid/liquid ratio of hectorite to distilled water before mixing with other materials was also determined for its use as a multi-functional material. The $d_{001}$ basal spacing decreased from $12.63\;\AA$ at room temperature to $10.19\;\AA$ at $650^{\circ}C$ in the heating tests. As the pH of hectorite slurry increased. the $d_{001}$ basal spacing decreased. reaching the lowest value of $13.33\;\AA$ at pH 7 and afterward, increased. All the fool basal spacings of the hectorite increased when it was intercalated with the following solvents: $12.86\;\AA$ in diethyl ether, $13.31\;\AA$ in acetonitrile. $13.59\;\AA$ in methanol, $14.05\;\AA$ in ethanol, $15.69\;\AA$ in acetone, and $17.42\;\AA$ in ethylene glycol. Our IR analysis results were in good agreement with those of other researchers. The CEC, MB, swelling volume and specific surface area of hectorite were determined to be 105 cmol/kg, 80 cmol/kg, $68\sim74ml/2g$ and $213m^{2}/g$, respectively. Also, the hectorite to distilled water ratio of 2 to 100 was found to be most favorable for mixing with other materials such as the solvents mentioned above.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.267-273
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• 2002

Background: We performed a phase IV clinical trial to examine the usefulness of a continuous infusion of nicardipine hydrochloride to control hypertension in patients with acute aortic dissection. material and Method: Systolic/diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were monitored before and after the intravenous administration of nicardipine in 31 patients with aortic diseases. The period of nicardipine administration in each patient was from 3 to 14 days. Efficacy was evaluated by determining the average amount of blood pressure reduction on the 3rd day of drug administration. The dosage of another antihypertensive agent was slowly tapered down, and ultimately replaced by the test drug. Result: 28 patients were diagnosed as acute aortic dissection, 2 patients as rupture of the aortic arch aneurysm, and 1 patient as traumatic aortic rupture. Mean age was 53.9 $\pm$ 14.9(29~89) years, and 21 patients(67.7%) were male. 14 patients(32.3%) had complications associated with underlying aortic disease: aortic insufficiency in 7, hemopericardium in 6, acute renal failure in 1, paraplegia in 1, lower extremity ischemia in 1, and hemothorax in 1. The time needed to reach the target blood pressure was within 15 minutes in 16, from 15 to 30 minutes in 10, from 30 to 45 minutes in 3 and from 45 to 60 minutes in 2, and their baseline average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) were 147$\pm$23, 82.3$\pm$ 18.6, and 104 $\pm$ 18, respectively. Average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures(mmHg) on the third day of nicardipine infusion were 119$\pm$ 12, 69$\pm$9, and 86$\pm$8, and they all showed statistically significant decrease(p<0.05). The average systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure(mmHg) after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion were 119 $\pm$ 15, 71 $\pm$ 14, and 86$\pm$ 13, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the average pressures measured on the third day and those measured after the discontinuation of the nicardipine infusion, and no definite side effects were observed during the study period. Conclusion: Nicardipine hydrochloride was both effective and safe at controlling blood pressure in patients with acute aortic dissection.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.110-122
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• 2009

Purpose: Nowadays, A medical institution assesment could get more interest about a quality of medical services from many hospitals that developed the active activities for improving medical services. Also, there is an other additional issue which is the patients risk management. Uijeongbu ST. Mary's hospital Nuclear Medicine department has been changed many work process after PET-CT introduction and renovation of its place since 2008. Therefore, modified structure and the way of existing work process have contained risk factors. The purpose of this study would be the appropriate risk management process while imaging examination process, the removal risk factors and improved activities through the analysis risk factors. Materials and Methods: Nuclear Medicine department new process should analysis through many-sided, Firstly, make and trained risk management manual after then apply an actual work. Result analysis showed the number of risk accident occurrence that comparing the last year and after the improved activities. Secondly, producing risk management public relations film has been showed an applicable patient after then the customer service measurement checked for a hundred patient by questionnaire. Lastly, Risk factors were eliminated through the facilities participation improving activities which could change for the better risk factors. Results: The number of safety accident occurrence(medication error, fall and collision) were checked as zero after the improving activities both PET-CT and gamma camera examination. The results of questionnaire showed as follows; 74% marked as understanding of the test process and 81% checked "satisfaction" after the public relations film showing. The question "Did you consider about the risk factors?", both PET-CT and gamma camera checked as 94% and 89% respectively. Customer risk management could be accomplished effectively through the improving activities at the nuclear medicine department. Conclusions: The study would be an opportunity that spread risk factors were systematically showed and analyzied. Also, It showed the possibility of the minimized safety accident and its feedback, if application of the response manuel that could be a standard of radiology technician's work method to react safety accident. It was the more effective that visual material could be easy to approach as a methodology of risk factors. As far as I have concerned that It could help the safety and convenience through continuous and detailed activities that offer to patients.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.257-282
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• 2008

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is regarded as a core technology of ubiquitous computing. Although it has some technical limitations such as technological standardization of RFID tags as well as economical limitations, many companies around the world have already accepted RFID to improve their management efficiency. In this regard, this study is to meet with results that the adoption of RFID technology willbring opportunities that companies' operational process are improved and customer satisfaction is highly strengthened. This research focuses on providing more understanding for building RFID marketing strategy to suppliers who want to sell their RFID products to customers through analyzing purchasing process. The findings are as follows; First, the study shows that buying center members usually take product reliability and precision of technical specification in the case of new-task buying situation while they put their first purchasing priority on prices in the straight rebuy. Second, the finding presents that in new-task buying situation and the straight rebuy purchasing personnel get information about new products through product performance test, organizational engineers, opinions from other companies' purchasing personnel, and checking out samples. Third, this research demonstrates when it comes to purchasing risk in their first purchasing, the persons who are in charge of material purchasing are inclined to be aware of the risk most in technical problems, followed by financial problems and time delay problems in order. And in addition to those risks are mentioned above, once-again-purchasers take the risk like an opportunity loss for better products into consideration. Fourth, the study shows that the role of concerning departments makes no difference in each purchasing stage. Accordingly marketers need to beef up the differentiated strategy to persuade their customers. Fifth, the findings of this study demonstrate that purchasing decision making is much influenced by the final users. So suppliers are supposed to perform the most active marketing strategy at the first stage of purchasing through various resources. Finally, the study presents that the suppliers who will have had close relationships with their customers need to give consistent information to them so that their customers can have lower motive in purchasing products from competitors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.118-135
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• 1988

This study is designed to analyze the problems of health education in schools and explore the ways of enhancing health education from a historical perspective. It also shed light on the managerial aspect of health education (including medical-check-up for students disease management. school feeding and the health education law and its organization) as well as its educational aspect (including curriculum, teaching & learning, and wishes of teachers). At the same time it attempted to present the ways of resolving the problems in health education as identified her. Its major findings are as follows; I. Colculsion and Summary 1. Despite the importance of health education, the area remains relatively undeveloped. Students spend a greater part of their time in schools. Hence the government should develop a keener awareness of the importance of health education and invest more in it to ensure a healthy, comfortable life for students. 2. At the moment the outcomes of medical-check-up for students, which constitutes the mainstay of health education, are used only as statistical data to report to the relevant authorities. Needless to say they should be used to help improve the wellbeing of students. Specifically, nurse-teachers and home-room teachers should share the outcomes of medical-check-up to help the students wit shortcomings in growth or development or other physical handicaps more clearly recognize their problems and correct them if possible. 3. In the area of disease management, 62.6, 30.3 and 23.0 percent of primary, middle, and highschool students, respectively, were found to suffer from dental ailments. By contrast 2.2, 7.8, and 11.5 percent of primary, middle and highschool students suffered from visual disorders. The incidence of dental ailments decreases while that of visual impairments increases as students grow up. This signifies that students are under tremendous physical strain in their efforts to be admitted by schools of higher grade. Accordingly the relevant authorities should revise the current admission system as well as improve lighting system in classrooms. 4. Budget restraints have often been cited as a major bottleneck to the expansion of school feeding. Nevertheless it should be extended at least, to all primary schools even at the expense of parents to ensure the sound growth of children by improving their diet. 5. The existing health education law should be revised in such a way as to better meet the needs of schools. Also the manpower for health education should be strengthened. 6. Proper curriculum is essential to the effective implementation of health education. Hence it is necessary to remove those parts in the current health education curriculum that overlaps with other subjects. It is also necessary to make health education a compulsory course in teachers' college at the same time the teachers in charge of health education should be given an in-service training. 7. Currently health education is being taught as part of physical education, science, home economics or other courses. However these subjects tend to be overshadowed by English, mathematics, and other subjects which carry heavier weight in admission test. It is necessary among other things, to develop an educational plan specifying the course hours and teaching materials. 8. Health education is carried out by nurse-teachers or home-room teachers. In connection with health education, they expressed the hope that health education will be normalized with newly-developed teaching material, expanded opportunity for in-service training and increased budget, facilities and supply of manpower. These are the mainpoints that the decision-makers should take into account in the formation of future policy for health education. II. Recommendations for the Improvement of Health Education 1. Regular medical check-up for students, which now is the mainstay of health education, should be used as educational data in an appropriate manner. For instance the records of medical check-up could be transferred between schools. 2. School feeding should be expanded at least in primary schools at the expense of the government or even parents. It will help improve the physical wellbeing of youths and the diet for the people. 3. At the moment the health education law is only nominal. Hence the law should be revised in such a way as to ensure the physical wellbeing of students and faculty. 4. Health education should be made a compulsory course in teachers' college. Also the teachers in service should be offered training in health education. 5. The curriculum of health education should be revised. Also the course hours should be extended or readjusted to better meet the needs of students. 6. In the meantime the course hours should be strictly observed, while educational materials should be revised in no time. 7. The government should expand its investment in facilities, budget and personnel for health education in schools at all levels.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 2009

Background: With the advances of cardiac surgery, the demand for an artificial prosthesis has increased, and this has led to the development and utilization of diverse alternative materials. We conducted this research to improve an artificial prosthesis by examining the changes of the physical qualities, the pressure related tensile strength, the change in elasticity and the thermostability of a xenograft valve (porcine) and pericardium (bovine, porcine) based on the type of fixation liquid we used. Material and Method: The xenograft valves and pericardium were assigned into three groups: the untreated group, the fixed with glutaraldehyde (GA) group and the glutaraldehyde with GA+solvent such as ethanol etc. group. The surgeons carried out each group's physical activities. Each group's uniaxial tension and elasticity was measured and compared. Thermostability testing was conducted and compared between the bovine and porcine pericardium fixed with GA group and the GA+solvent group. Result: On the physical activity test in the surgeon's hand, no significant difference between the groups was sensed on palpation. For suture and tension, the GA+solvent group was slightly firmer than the low GA concentration group. In general, the circumferential uniaxial tension and elasticity of the porcine aortic and pulmonary valves were better in the fixed groups than that in the untreated group. There was no significant difference between the GA and GA+solvent groups (p>0.05). Bovine and porcine pericardium also showed no significant difference between the GA group and the GA+solvent group (p>0.05). When comparing between the groups for each experiment, the elasticity tended to be stronger in most of the higher GA concentration group (porcine pulmonary valve, porcine pericardium). On the thermostability testing of the bovine and porcine pericardium, the GA group and the G+solvent group both had a sudden shrinking point at $80^{\circ}C$ that showed no difference (bovine pericardium: p=0.057, porcine pericardium: p=0.227). Conclusion: When fixing xenograft prosthetic devices with GA, adding a solvent did not cause a loss in pressure-tension, tension-elasticity and thermostability. In addition, more functional solvents or cleansers should be developed for developing better xenografts.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.765-769
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• 2007

Background: The curative treatment of choice for empyema is decortication of the pleura. The risks of this treatment however are increased for the patient with reduced pulmonary function, complicated calcification or septic shock. In the past, open window thoracostomy was a final stage treatment for chronic empyema. Relatively safe treatment of empyema could be achieved in difficult cases with a closure of the open window after open drainage and use of a myocutaneous flap (one stage or staged). Material and Method: A retrospective study of the cause, progression and final outcome of empyema patients who received open window thoracostomy was performed. 21 patients were followed from 1995 to 2004 in the department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in the College of Medicine, Pusan National University. Result: The average age of the patients was $57.5{\pm}15.5$ years (range $25{\sim}78$ years), of whom 16 (76.2%) were men and five (23.8%) were women. Pulmonary function test results showed an average FEV1 of $1.58{\pm}0.49 L$. The type of empyema was tuberculous empyema in 13 cases (61.9%), aspergillosis in three cases (14.3%), parapneumonic empyema in three cases (14.3%) and post-resectional empyema in two cases (10%). Bronchopulmonary fistula was seen in 14 cases. Eight cases were complicated by severe calcification of the pleura. For the four cases of bronchopulmonary fistula, the patients' serratus anterior muscle was covered in their first operation. The average number of ribs resected was $4{\pm}1$. Closure of the open window thoracostomy was performed in 12 cases. The average time to closure after open drainage was $10.22{\pm}3.11$ months and the average defect of the empyemal cavity before the final operation was $330{\pm}110 cc$. Among the 12 cases, there were two cases of spontaneous closure. In two cases closure was only achieved by using the reserved skin fold during the first surgery. Of the remaining eight cases, in seven we used the myocutaneous flap (four cases of lattisimus dorsi muscle and three cases of pectoralis major muscle), and in one case we used soft tissue. As regards complications of the closure, tissue necrosis occurred in one case, which led to failed closure, and there was one case of abdominal hernia in the rectus abdominis muscle flap. One patient died within 30 days of the surgery and one patient died of metastatic cancer. Conclusion: A staged operation with a final closure using open window thoracostomy, which consists of open drainage, transposition of the muscle and a myocutaneous flap, can be a safe and effective option for the chronic empyema patient who is difficult to cure with traditional surgical methods.