• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.225-232
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• 2019

Traceability establishment in chemical measurements is a like a linkage established through an unbroken chain from the measured results to the international system (SI) of units. The primary process for traceability establishment is the purity assignment of a target material to be measured. In this study, we studied the purity assignment of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP). The presence of 17-OHP is indicative of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and it builds up due to the deficiency of 21-hydroxylase and 11β-hydroxylase enzyme in the human blood. The purity assignment of 17-OHP was performed by the mass balance method, in which the impurities are categorized into four classes: total related structural impurities, water, residual organic solvents, and nonvolatiles/inorganics. The total related structural impurities were characterized by HPLC-UV; water content was determined by Karl-Fisher coulometer; and the total residual solvents and nonvolatiles/inorganics were determined by TGA. The purity of 17-OHP from a commercial manufacturer was calculated as 993.30 mg/g, and the expanded uncertainty was 0.58 mg/g. The proposed method was validated by uncertainty evaluation and comparing with the actual value of purity.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.430-433
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• 2009

The development of large-scale environmental friendly livestock complex in the reclaimed tideland is one of different alternatives to increase the competitiveness of internal livestock industry against an international opening markets as DDA and FTA in agricultural field. Recently, it is possible to introduce an environmental friendly livestock complex in the reclaimed tideland by an amendment of the acts for agricultural land. However more studies that are on the basis of nitrogen and phosphorus mass balance need to preserve the agricultural environments as the quality of agricultural water and soil in rural area. In this study, the reference for feasibility study is Whaong reclaimed tideland which located at Whaseong city, Gyeonggi Province, and a basic concept of environmental friendly livestock complex is the production of forage crops with the supply of liquid fertilizer and the production of bioenergy such as biogas by the recycling of pig slurry as a resource. The mass balance of nitrogen based on between forage crops such as maize, barley and liquid fertilizer supplied at the reclaimed tideland, and also it was estimated an economical efficiency as anaerobic digestion plant for treating pig slurry of $100m^3/day$ introduce in an environmental friendly livestock complex.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2005

Groundwater recharge is defined in an addition of water to groundwater reservoir. Recently, many people have been moving to the Edwards aquifer and urban and agricultural industry have been expending. Hydrologists and water planning managers concern about insufficient groundwater amounts and irrigation water price variability. In this paper, I focus on estimates of local recharge volumes and quantify preferential flow through GIS technique. Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) and hydrochemical components have been widely applied to recharge rate and evaluate flow paths. The CMB method is based on relationship between wet-dry chloride deposition data and Rainfall data. These data are manipulated using ArcGIS. Especially, hydrochemical concentration distribution is good index for groundwater residence times or flow paths such as $[Mg^{2+}]/[Ca^{2+}],[Cl]$ and log$([Ca^{2+}]+[Mg^{2+}])/[Na^+]$. Well information such as hydrological-hydrochemical data are imported into ArcGIS and manipulated by interpolation techniques. For each potentiometric surface and water quality, point data are converted to spatial data through each Kriging and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) techniques.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.969-979
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• 2020

A numerical simulation was conducted on perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the Gwangyang Bay using a multi-box model to estimate the transport of organic chemicals in the coastal environment. The results of the sensitivity analysis on dissolved PFOS and PFOS in Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) indicate that they were most significantly influenced by the adsorption rate, desorption rate, and sinking velocity coefficients. PFOS in phytoplankton was found to be sensitive to bio-concentration and the excretion rate. The results of the mass balance indicate that the standing stocks of PFOS in water, POC, and phytoplankton are 345.55 g, 63.76 g, and 0.11 g, respectively, in the inner part and 149.90 g, 27.51 g, and 0.05 g, respectively, in the outer part. Considering flux in the inner part, adsorption to POC had the highest value among transition paths. The next highest were desorption, outflow to the outer part, and inflow to the inner part. Outflow into the open sea was found to have the highest value for the outer part.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.95-117
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• 2004

This study was conducted to estimate nitrogen discharge from Korea (southern part of Korean peninsula) as NPS(non-point source) by mass balance approach; input and output analyses of nitrogen using existing data available. The material flow was sectored into three different activities; agricultural (raising crop and animals), human and natural activities in forest and urban areas. Atmospheric deposition, biological nitrogen fixation, inorganic fertilizers and manures applied, animal feed and imported foodstuffs such as crops, meat and fish were the inputs in this study, while ammonia volatilization, denitrification, human and animal waste generation, crop and meat production, and discharge into river to ocean were the outputs. The estimated total nitrogen input was $1,194.5{\times}10^3$ tons N/year and the river discharge was 408 to $422{\times}10^3$ tons N/year, of which 66 to 71% was from NPS. In detail, the estimated NPS discharges were respectively $8,274\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from agricultural area, $730\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from forest and $7,657\;kg\;N/km^2$/year from the other land areas such as urban and industrial area.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 2007

The cathode design is one of the most important parts in order to enhance the performance of fuel cells. A 3-D model of the porous oxygen reducing cathode with perforated current collectors is analysed for the enhanced design in fuel cells. Simulation is performed using equations of electric potential balance, momentum balance, and mass balance. The gas concentrations are quite large and are significantly affected by the reactions that take place. The weight fraction of oxygen, velocity field for the gas phase, and local overvoltage are illustrated in the porous reactive cathode layer. The current density is also analysed and the result shows the distribution and variation are stated in a wide range. It is found that the rate of reaction and the current production is higher beneath the orifice, and decreases as the distance to the gas inlet increases. The significance of the results is discussed in the viewpoint of the mass transportation phenomena, which is inferred that the mass transport of reactants dictates the efficiency of the electrode in this design and at these conditions.

• Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

Aerodynamics in a naturally ventilated multi-span greenhouse with plants was analyzed numerically by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. To investigate the potential application of CFD techniques to greenhouse design and analysis, the numerical results of the CFD model were compared with the results of a steady-state mass and energy balance numerical model. Assuming the results of the mass and energy balance model as the standard, reasonably good agreement was obtained between the natural ventilation rates computed by the CFD numerical model and the mass and energy balance model. The steady-state CFD model during a sunny day showed negative errors as high as 15% in the morning and comparable positive errors in the afternoon. Such errors assumed to be due to heat storage in the floor, benches, and greenhouse structure. For a west wind of 2.5 m s$^{-1}$ , the internal nonporous shading screens that opened to the east were predicted to have a 15.6% better air exchange rate than opened to the west. It was generally predicted that the presence of nonporous internal shading screens significantly reduced natural ventilation if the horizontal opening of the screen for each span was smaller that the effective roof vent opening.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.530-538
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• 2009

The Oxic-Settling-Anaerobic (OSA) treatment process, a modified Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS) process, was developed for the purpose of sludge reduction. The insertion of a sludge holding tank into a sludge return line, an anaerobic reactor, forming an OSA process, may provide a cost-effective way of reducing excess sludge production during a process. The OSA process was evaluated for its sludge reduction ability by kinetic parameter and mass balance, with an observed excess sludge reduction of 63.5%, as $P_{X.VSS}$, compared with the conventional activated sludge process.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.220-228
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• 2002

The cool-down performance after soaking is very important in an automotive air-conditioning system and is considered as a key design variable. Therefore, transient characteristics of each system component are essential to the preliminary design as well as steady-state performance. The objective of this study is to develop a computer simulation model and ostinato theoretically the transient performance of an automotive air-conditioning system. To do that, the mathematical modelling of each component, such as compressor, condenser, receiver/drier, expansion valve, and evaporator, is presented first of all. The basic balance equations about mass and energy are used in modelling. For detailed calculation, condenser and evaporator are divided into many sub-sections. Each sub-section is an elemental volume for modelling. In models of expansion valve and compressor, dynamic behaviors are not considered in this analysis, but the quasisteady state ones are just considered, such as the relation between mass flow rate and pressure drop in expansion device, polytropic process in compressor, etc. Also it is assumed that there are no heat loss and no pressure drop in discharge, liquid, and suction lines. The developed simulation model is validated by comparing with the laboratory test data of an automotive air-conditioning system. The overall time-tracing properties of each component agreed well with those of test data in this case.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.3229-3235
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• 2021

The key process used in nuclear industries for the management of radiotoxicity associated with spent fuel in a closed fuel cycle is solvent extraction. An understanding of hydrodynamics and mass transfer is of primary importance for the design of mass transfer equipment used in solvent extraction processes. Understanding the interfacial phenomenon and the associated hydrodynamics of the liquid drops is essential for model-based design of mass transfer devices. In this work, the phenomenon of drop formation at the tip of a nozzle submerged in quiescent immiscible liquid phase is revisited. Previously reported force balance based models and empirical correlations are analyzed. Experiments are carried out to capture the process of drop formation using high-speed imaging technique. The images are digitally processed to measure the average drop diameter. A correlation based on the force balance model is proposed to estimate drop diameter and jet length. The average drop diameter obtained from the proposed model is in good agreement with experimental data with an average error of 6.3%. The developed model is applicable in both the necking as well as jetting regime and is validated for liquid-liquid systems having low, moderate and high interfacial tension.