• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.283-296
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• 2016

This paper aims to analyze characteristic by the cities focused on the ratio of new apartment resale that is one of the apartment unit sale market, which has been increased recently. To do so, this study examined characteristics of population, housing, residential, and economical with 162 cities and counties and performed multiple regression analysis with dependent variable, ratio of new apartment resale. As a result. the factors affecting the ratio of new apartment resale are 7variables, regional apartment rate, population increasing rate, a mount of sell in lots, housing rent price (Jeonse price) rate compared to average apartment sale price, single-person households increasing rate, apartment subscription rate and number of buyers in the area. Thus, this study showed that the factors affecting characteristic by the regions are ordered characteristics of residential, population and rate of sale and dealing. Based on this result, this study will be basic data for policy of government and development of apartment sales system and for end user to activate resale in apartment sales market.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.147-165
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• 2008

Since 2000, e-commerce has been increased continuously in its quantity and quality. The growth of e-commerce has resulted in some diversities of distribution channels, and its characteristics of not-spot trading and limited market scale has urged the on-line market to play a role of assistance to off-line market. e-Commerce causes not only the flow of forward logistics, but also that of reverse logistics with every purchasing, which is a very critical factor to hesitate for consumers to purchase the products as well as increase the price of the products. Concern about the reverse logistics by sellers and buyers influences the level of price and purchasing activity of consumers. This study firstly is to lift the awareness of the efficient control of reverse logistics with reviewing the recent change of logistics environment and phenomena of reverse logistics. Secondly we find the factors generating the reverse logistics and look into its questions, and thirdly offer not only the ways to minimize the phenomena of reverse logistics, but also a efficient control system for reverse logistics. We additionally aim to contribute to prevent the price of the products from rising and raise the customers' satisfaction through minimizing the phase of reverse logistics.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.47-55
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• 2016

The proliferation of the Internet and related technologies has led to a new form of distribution channels, namely online retailers. The conventional offline and the new online retailers have different transaction costs perceived by the consumers in the following perspectives: the accessibility to the product information, the traffic cost and the opportunity cost for the time to visit the store, the delivery time and the possibility of 'touch and feel' to test the quality of the product. In particular, the online retailers have lower distribution cost structure in that they do not have physical stores, which results in lower selling price. Thus they continuously offer price competition against offline retailers using the lower selling cost as competitive weapon. Moreover the emergence of the social commerce is likely to intensify the competition between the online and offline retailers. To survive in this fierce competition, the offline retailers are trying to defend their business interests by sticking to offline transaction in anticipation of increased customer loyalty, customer's preference for 'touch and feel' style shopping, and others. Despite of these efforts, customers who touch and feel a product in an offline store but purchase the product through an online retailer are increasing. To protect such customers, recently, some of the offline retailers began to provide the mobile discount service (MDS) which enables the offline customers to purchase a product at a discounted price through the mobile applications. In business competitions, the price discount strategy is usually considered to secure more market share at the cost of lower profit. In this study, however, we analyze the effect of MDS as a weapon for securing more profit. To do this, we set up a game model between the online and offline retailers which incorporates the effect of the MDS. By numerically analyzing the Nash equilibrium of the game, some managerial implications for using the MDS for more profit are discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2016

SCM activities in a company are considered as total innovation through synchronizing supply and demand while maintaining appropriate inventory level and reducing the business operating costs. Until now, even several researches are carried out on the SCM performance of the companies which have introduced and been operating SCM, the research on the cost analysis for the inventory which occurs frequently on supply chain is still insufficient. Especially, for the electronics industry in which the product depreciation is sharp caused by the short product life cycle and the complexity of distribution channels, even the inventory related costs are a major factor in business management, since the current estimated criteria of inventory costs are limited to the interest and maintenance management costs, the criteria do not reflect the total influence of the product depreciation and lost opportunity cost which are related to the business management. Furthermore, even though the rapid price drops of the distributor inventory caused by the frequent new model launch can be covered by the product manufacturers, the scale of total costs related to the inventory has not been conceived because the price compensation is traditionally considered as a market costs. In this research, we analyzed the inventory characteristics of electronics industry in which the price depreciation happens frequently, newly defining the estimated criteria of the product total inventory cost which includes price depreciation from the product manufacturers' view. Finally we focus on the case study of a representative electronics company and verify the scale of the influence on management performance.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-185
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• 2014

The Kyoto Protocol has extended its life until 2020 by the decision at COP18 in Doha, Qatar in 2012. So has the Kyoto Mechanism of CDM, JI, and ETS. Nonetheless, the sustainability of CDM projects is jeopardized by the recent rule changes in the international emissions trade market such as EU ETS and the price decrease in emission credits. In particular, the domestic CDM projects reducing non-$CO_2$ GHG emissions are being directly affected. This study examines the trend of carbon credit price change in the international market. It also examines how the rule changes in the international emissions trade market have affected domestic non-$CO_2$ CDM projects through which mechanisms. The policy implications drawn from this study is two-fold: it suggests how the government can assist the project developers in utilizing GHG emission reduction technologies and the market in promoting investment environment before the domestic ETS enters into effect in 2015; apart from possible measures within ETS, an additional measures such as bilateral carbon offset system is suggested to help the private sector reduce uncertainty in investment and increase options to choose.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.1 no.3 s.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2005

This paper analyses the economics of grid-connected photovoltaic systems. With the 2003 cost of photovoltaic systems, under prevailing capital market conditions, with a system lifetime of 30 years, and under the best climatic conditions, it appears that the cost of production of grid-connected electricity could be of 0.21 US $/kWh, and under medium climatic conditions, European locations, Switzerland, Japan and South Korean could be of 0.28$/kWh. If the lifetime if the system goes up, due to future technological improvements, to a very large value such as 50 years, these costs can be lowered by 10-20%. Competitiveness of grid-connected photovoltaic electricity, while it still cannot be taken for granted, is a possibility, especially if major technological advances further lowers the costs of photo cells and increases their lifetimes.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.445-459
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• 2014

This paper investigates the dependence structure of Korean financial markets (stock, foreign exchange (FX) rates and bond) using copula-GARCH and dynamic conditional correlation (DCC) models. We examine GJR-GARCH with skewed elliptical distributions and four copulas (Gaussian, Student's t, Clayton and Gumbel) to model dependence among returns, and then employ DCC model to describe system-wide correlation dynamics. We analyze the daily returns of KOSPI, FX (WON/USD) and KRX bond index (Gross Price Index) from $2^{nd}$ May 2006 to $30^{th}$ June 2014 with 2,063 observations. Empirical result shows that there is significant asymmetry and fat-tail of individual return, and strong tail-dependence among returns, especially between KOSPI and FX returns, during the 2008 Global Financial Crisis period. Focused only on recent 30 months, we find that the correlation between stock and bond markets shows dramatic increase, and system-wide correlation wanders around zero, which possibly indicates market tranquility from a systemic perspective.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.2236-2244
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• 2018

We make optimal consecutive offer curves for an energy storage system (ESS) integrated wind power producer (WPP) in the co-optimized day-ahead energy and regulation markets. We build the offer curves by solving multi-stage stochastic optimization (MSSO) problems based on the scenarios of pairs consisting of real-time price and wind power forecasts through the progressive hedging method (PHM). We also use the rolling horizon method (RHM) to build the consecutive offer curves for several hours in chronological order. We test the profitability of the offer curves by using the data sampled from the Iberian Peninsula. We show that the offer curves obtained by solving MSSO problems with the PHM and RHM have a higher profitability than offer curves obtained by solving deterministic problems.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.183-201
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• 2004

Recently, Electronic commerce market is growing sharply for the expansion of internet and development of means of air transportation. Import Clearance System for express consignments, introduced in Korea, confers some benefit upon express consignments, ie. prompt clearance, simplification of the clearance procedure, exemption of necessary documents. But it has some problems such as lack of social security and trade compliance. So it requires some improvements as follows. Firstly, it has no legal background to clear all articles valued at US$100 or less carried by an express consignment operator. So customs brokers, not express consignment operators, should clear that articles. Secondly, it should be presented necessary documents including commercial invoice to prevent a wrong price declaration in entering express consignments valued at US$100 or less. Thirdly, X-ray inspectors must enhance their inspection ability. Customs must provide education programs for X-ray inspectors to improve their inspection ability. Lastly, Cargo selectivity system for express consignments have to be improved to operate effectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.132-151
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• 1994

Quality is a critical competitive factor in today's environment because of the impact of quality on market share, productivity and costs. Especially in Korean companies, the importance of quality is heightened as they are losing price competitiveness compared to the new industrialized countries. The traditional approach to quality improvement has been focused on workers. The primary means to achieving acceptable outgoing quality has been to inspect quality by adding more inspectors and inspection stations. This is an example of quality cost that can be reduced through the preventive actions against bad quality. Quality cost is best viewed as a measure of costs specifically associated with the achievement or nonachievement of product/service quality required by customers. This paper examines the concept of quality cost, provides guidance to implementing a quality cost system, and identifies the limitations of quality cost information. These limitations are the target for future research for an efficient and effective implementation of quality cost system.