• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.150-154
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• 2017

A self-propelled turner was developed to produce mushroom compost at low costs and high efficiency, and the uniformity of compost produced by an excavator, compost mixer, and self-propelled turner was compared. The material of the compost was mixed with rice straw and chicken manure at a dry weight ratio of 3:1. After the final turning, internal temperature distribution, water content of the compost pile, ash ratio, and uniformity of the compost pile were examined. After the compost was completed, the water content was $69.9{\pm}0.54%$, $72.1{\pm}0.15%$, and $74.5{\pm}0.82%$, respectively. The length of rice straw was $47.5{\pm}15.4cm$, $24.9{\pm}10.1cm$, and $31.0{\pm}10.6cm$, respectively. The ash content in the dry weight of each compost was $25.0{\pm}6.2%$, $33.6{\pm}4.2%$, and $28.2{\pm}1.1%$, respectively. The deviation in the length of rice straw was affected by the linear velocity of the spinner in the compost mixer and the self-propelled turner, which were 21.5 m/sec and 9 m/sec, respectively. As a result, the most uniform mushroom compost was produced by the self-propelled turner.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-135
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• 2002

Several kinds of thermophilic, aerobic microorganisms (Bacillus genus), metal leaching microorganisms (Thiobacillus, T. ferooxidans), and other nondegradable chemical-degrading microorganisms (Pseudomonas genus) were utilized to study the effect on composting livestock manure. Under the Carbon-Nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 35∼40 and water content of 50∼65% conditions, the composting in the cycling drum reactor showed slower composting and lower temperature increase than that of the manual reactor. Element analysis after composting indicated relatively high levels of mineral contents with the substitutional effect of chemical fertilizer. Metal analysis before and after composting showed lower As in all, Cr in pig, Pb in cow, Hg in chicken, and Cu in cow manure compost than the regulation values. Compost maturity was ascertained by the several maturity tests. Salmonella and E. cozi detection test by SS or EMB agar plate confirmed the safety from the pathogenic microorganisms. The results suggest that the inoculation of metal and some other chemical degrading microorganisms during composting might decrease metal contamination and increase composting rate.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2007

Objective of this research was to identify by-product composting impacts on paddy soil properties and rice yield. Research was conducted in Iksan (soil was identified as a Jeonbug series) located in Honam plain area from 2001 to 2004. Composts, such as cow manure sawdust compost(CMSC), Chicken manure sawdust compost(ChMSC) and Pig manure sawdust compost(PMSC) were treated in the reseach plots for every, 2, and 3 year term. Some physical properties, such as, soil hardness, and bulk density tended to decrease with application of compost and decreased in order of CMSC, ChMSC, and PMSC, while surface soil depth and porosity were increased in order of CMSC, PMSC, and ChMSC. Some chemical soil properties, such as organic matter, available phosphorus, available silicate, and exchangeable cations were increased with application of compost and every year application plots. Nitrogen uptake was higher in order of CMSC, ChMSC, SF, and PMSC. Nitrogen use efficiency was higher in order of CMSC, ChMSC, SF, and PMSC. Rice yields was increased in all application plot of CMSC, in every other year application plot ChMSC and PMSC compared with SF($5.07Mg\;ha^{-1}$). Also average rice yield on years were increased in all application plot of CMSC and in every other year application plot ChMSC, while decreased in all application plot of PMSC compared with SF($5.27Mg\;ha^{-1}$). Head rice ratio and perfect grain ratio on hulled rice was high in all application plot of PMSC and in every year, in every other year app lication plot of ChMSC while its lowered percentage of 10~13 caused by application of CMSC compared with SF.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

To investigate the effect of pyroligneous acid liquor (PAL) on the maturity of pig manure compost, PAL was treated to the compost piles. The treatments included applications of 100 and 300 times diluted PAL in addition to the control. The compost piles were stirred in three times at the 1st, 10th, and 25th day of composting. Temperature in the compost pile of control treatment increased from 28 to $60^{\circ}C$ within 10 days and remained nearly at the level until 30th day, then it began to decrease. On the other hand, temperature of the PAL-100 and PAL-300 treatments reached 65 to $70^{\circ}C$ within 8 days and became stabilized until 30th day, then the temperature decreased to about $28^{\circ}C$. However, the temperature of control was stabilized approximately at the 40th day. Initially, the pH of control treatment dropped from 8.2 to slightly above pH 8.0 during 4th day, but that of the PAL-100 treatment declined to 7.8. Among treatments, pH value of PAL-100 treatment was the lowest, which was about 7.3 after becoming stabilization. Also the germination index (GI) was increased at all treatments. The C/N ratio range of PAL-100 treatment was better balanced than others and was at 24.3. Moreover the round paper chromatogram of extracted solution of compost of PAL-100 treatment was the sharpest and clearest among treatments. The GI values of control, PAL-100, and PAL-300 in 60 days of composting were about 108, 120, and 118 in germination test using chinese cabbage, respectively. It can be concluded that the addition of diluted PAL solution is effective in composting of pig manure.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.191-199
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• 2000

This study was initiated to investigate the influence of biophysical condition on the composting characteristics, and conducted to develop technology for using recycled compost as a bulking agent cost to reduce operating cost. To methods of aeration, continuous aeration (CA: run No. I) and intermittent aeration (IA: run No. 2) were performed with three 12.3 liter laboratory scale vessels for ten days. Manure and rice hulls were mixed for thirst trial (I), rice hulls and recycled compost after first trial were mixed for second trial (II), dairy manure and only recycled compost after second trial were mixed for third trial (III). During the composting process, temperatures of the compost mass and ammonia emissions were measured. The quality and maturity of compost were ascertained by examining the characteristics and composition of the compost. Also, loss of mass was determined by measuring the mass of materials in the vessels before and after composting. The results in this study are as follows: 1. The periods of optimum temperature ($>55^{\circ}C$) to kill pathogens were maintained from 38 to 78 hours for CA and from 60 to 98 hours for IA. 2. The more recycled compost mixed, the more ammonia emitted. The maximum ammonia emissions were 287 ppm at CA and 420 ppm at IA. 3. Biofiltration system was required for the compo sting system using only recycled compost as an amendment, because the ammonia emissions was produced above 100 ppm at the end of composting process. 4. The quality and maturity of compost: - Fresh compost, were required drying, because moisture contents of the compost were approximately 70% in all tests. - The pH values were observed to rise smoothly, from 7.9 to 8.3 at CA and from 8.4 to 8.6 at IA. The CfN ratios of the fresh compost were ranged form 21.05 to 16.42 for CA and from 22.81 to 14.75 for IA. The final C/N ratios for test II and III were below 20.were below 20.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2019

BACKGROUND: To investigate mineralization characteristics of organic resources in the soil, five materials (rice straw, cow manure sawdust compost, microorganism compost, mixed oil-cake, and amino acid fertilizer) were treated according to the nitrogen content, and an indoor incubation experiment was conducted for 128 days. The results of this analysis were applied to determine the nitrogen mineralization pattern of these organic resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the constant temperature incubation period, the nitrogen net mineralization rate of the organic resources was the highest in the amino acid fertilizer with the highest nitrogen content, and the lowest in the rice straw with the lowest nitrogen content. A positive correlation (0.96) was observed between the potential nitrogen mineralization rate and total nitrogen content. The mineralization rate constant, k, was negatively correlated with the organic matter (-0.96) and carbon content (-0.97). The nitrogen mineralization rate during the first cropping season, as estimated by the model, was 6.6%, 11.6%, 30.9%, 70.7%, and 81.0% for the rice straw, the cow manure sawdust compost, the microorganism compost, the mixed oil-cake, and the amino acid fertilizer, respectively. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen mineralization rate varies depending on the type of organic resources or the nitrogen content; thus, it can be used as an index for determining the nitrogen supply characteristics of the organic resource. Organic resources such as compost with low nitrogen content or those undergoing fermentation contain organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen is stabilized during the composting process. Therefore, as the nitrogen mineralization rate of these resources is lower than that of non-fermented organic resources, it is desirable to use the fermented organic materials only to improve soil physical properties rather than to supply nutrients for the required amount of fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2001

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the change of soil physical properties and microorganism in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils, while the clay loam and sandy loam soils were used for laboratory experiments. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC). cow manure compost(CMC). human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISE) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Bulk density of loam soil decreased with compost application to $1.07{\sim}1.32Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot, while in sandy loam soil it decreased to $1.00{\sim}1.20Mg\;m^{-3}$ compared with $1.25Mg\;m^{-3}$ of control plot. Bulk density of soil was decreased according to maize cultivation compared with bare control, but soybean cultivation was similar. Population of organic material decomposing microorganisms was increased rapidly at the initial incubation stage at $25^{\circ}C$, and increased more sensitively at the loam soil than sandy loam soil. In the case of the change of microorganisms associated with nitrogen circulation, ammonia oxidizing bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria was more at the initial incubation stage, and denitrifying bacteria increased until 1~4 weeks after incubation and increased more at the loam soil than sandy loam soil.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.173-179
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• 2017

Advanced countries, animal wastes are produced using bioenergy and methane gas technology. In Korea, many researches are being actively carried out to develop livestock manure as a resource technology rather than a animal waste. However, the production of bio-gas using livestock manure is still in the process of development of functional livestock and compost because of low economic efficiency with livestock manure recycling technology. In this paper, in order to accurately estimate the manure output, It will calculate the manure excretion if you have finished input the number of pigs. In addition, we simulated the fertilization rate of three elements of NPK fertilizer per 100 square meters automatically.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2002

One of the methods to solve the problems of over-produced livestock manure, which are produced 34 million tons or more every year in Korea, is the using of these organic resources in rice cultivation. Experiments were carried out to find our the marginal application rime of pig manure without the injury for rice cultivation, dry and compost pig manure were incorporated separately in paddy field on several different time before rice transplanting. lt could be concluded that not only both manures were able to incorporate anytime before transplanting without the injury to rice growth, but also application of CPM and DPM to the rice paddy soil can be possible. However, 50% of the recommended application of chemical fertilizer was possible when the pig manure was incorporated in the paddy field for rice production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.925-934
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• 2010

Three typical biological solid wastes, namely, animal manure, garbage, and sewage sludge, were compared with regard to the composting process and the changes in microbial community structure. The effects of different bulking agents such as rice straw, vermiculite, sawdust, and waste paper were compared in manure compost. The differences in the microbial community were characterized by the quinone profile method. The highest mass reduction was found in garbage composting (56.8%), compared with manure and sludge (25% and 20.2%, respectively). A quinone content of $305.2\;{\mu}mol/kg$ was observed in the late stage of garbage composting, although the diversity index of the quinone profile was 9.7, lower than that in manure composting. The predominant quinone species was found to be MK-7, which corresponds to Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content, such as Bacillus. The predominance of MK-7 was especially found in the garbage and sludge composting process, and the increase in quinones with partially saturated long side-chains was shown in the late composting process of manure, which corresponded to the proliferation of Actinobacteria. The effects of different bulking agents on the composting process was much smaller than the effects of different raw materials. High organic matter content in the raw materials resulted in a higher microbial biomass and activity, which was connected to the high mass reduction rate.