• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.93-97
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• 2012

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of various inorganic and organic materials to improve physical properties of soil. Saline sodic soil (saturation percentage = 40.36%, $EC_e=5.15dS\;m^{-1}$, $pH_s=8.70$, $SAR=18.84(m\;mol\;L^{-1})^{1/2}$, bulk density =$1.49Mg\;m^{-3}$) was collected, brought to wire house and filled in pots after laboratory analysis for various parameters. Different sources of organic nutrients like farm manure (FM), press mud, compost, poultry manure and sesbania green manure were analyzed for their chemical composition. The experiment comprised of 12 treatments replicated thrice; $T_1$: control (recommended NPK), $T_2:{\frac{1}{2}}$ recommended NPK, $T_3$: FM at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_4$: pressmud at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_5$: compost at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_6$: poultry manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_7$: sesbania green manure at 1.5% by soil weight, $T_8:T_2$ + FM at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_9:T_2$ + pressmud at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{10}:T_2$ + compost at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{11}:T_2$ + poultry manure at 0.75% by soil weight, $T_{12}:T_2$ + sesbania green manure at 0.75% by soil weight. These treatments were applied using completely randomized (CR) design and appropriate time was given to decompose these organic nutritional sources. Seeds of wheat cultivar Sahar-2006 were sown. After harvesting the wheat, soil samples were collected from each pot and analyzed for various physical properties like bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage. An improvement in physical properties (bulk density, porosity and saturation percentage) of soil was noticed with the application of various organic nutritional sources but role of compost alone ($T_5$) remained prominent.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.149-154
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• 1992

A study was carried out to know the effects of two kinds of paper mill sludge manure compost(SMC) on the growth and chemical components of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris) : Control(SMC-0) contained chemical fertilizer only, sludge manure compost-1(SMC-1) contained 18% of swine manure and 8% of sawdust of the total weight of the manure in addition to the chemical fertilizer, and sludge manure compost-2(SMC-2) contained swine manure without sawdust a third of the total by weight on a fresh weight basis, 1) Kidney bean treated with SMC-1 and SMC-2 showed the increasing tendency of values meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield when compared to control(SMC-0) treatment 2) Though there was not a significant difference between SMC-1 and SMC-2 treatments on the growth, SMC-1 tended to increase the value of meristem height, stem diameter, pod number per plot and total grain yield of kidney bean, 3) The contents of aluminium, iron and zinc in kidney bean were higher than other elements, though there was no significant difference between the treatments, And those of chromium, lead and cadmium were negligible. 4) From the results obtained, it can be said that SMC application has more favorable effects on the growth of the plant than control(SMC-0). The effects of SMC-1 application on the growth of kidney bean was more favorable than those of SMC-2.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.280-289
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to establish a model for recommendable application level of nitrogen fertilizer based on soil testing for summer chinese cabbage in highland. A field experiment was carried out with various nitrogen application levels in sand loamy soil with and without poultry manure compost. The application level of N in poultry manure compost plot was found to be $291kg\;ha^{-1}$ for maximum yield of chinese cabbage, and it was 87% of the required N application level, $335kg\;ha^{-1}$, for maximum yield of chinese cabbage in nonmanure plot. In the treatment of poultry manure, approximately $174kg\;ha^{-1}$ of N was required to obtain the same yield of chinese cabbage as the maximum yield obtained in the treatments without poultry manure application. Therefore, with poultry manure application, N application level can be reduced by 40%. Using these results, a new equation for N recommendation for chinese cabbage in highland soil was proposed. With the average organic matter content of $33g\;kg^{-1}$ in highland field, the application levels of N for chinese cabbage were in the range of $215-129kg\;ha^{-1}$, which means that 32.8-59.7% of current application amount of N fertilizer can be reduced.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.3.1-3.9
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• 2018

Background: Poultry breeding has increased by 306% in Korea, inevitably increasing the production of manure which may contribute to environmental pollution. The nutrients (NP) in the manure are essential for crop cultivation and soil fertility when applied as compost. Excess nutrients from manure can be accumulated on the land and can lead to eutrophication. Therefore, a nutrient load on the finite land should be calculated. Methods: This study calculates the nutrient production from Korean poultry by investigating 11 broiler and 16 laying hen farms. The broiler manure was composted using deep litter composting while for layer deep litter composting, drying, and simple static pile were in practice. The effect of weight reduction and storing period during composting was checked. Three weight reduction cases of compost were constructed to calculate nutrient loading coefficients (NLCs) using data from; i) farm investigation, ii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), and iii) dry basis. Results: During farm investigation of broiler and layer with deep litter composting, there was a 68 and 21% N loss whereas 77 and 33% P loss was found, respectively. In case of layer composting, a loss of 10-56% N and a 52% P loss was observed. Drying manure increased the P concentrations therefore NLCs calculated using dry basis that showed quite higher reductions (67% N; 53% P). Nutrient loss from farm investigation was much higher than reported by Korean Ministry of Environment (ME). Conclusions: Nutrients in manure are decreased when undergo storing or composting process due to microbial action, drying, and leaching. The nutrient load applied to soil is less than the fresh manure, hence the livestock manure management and conservation of environment would be facilitated.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2023

As of 2020, 139,753 tons/day of livestock manure is generated. Most of the livestock manure is made of compost(75.3%) and Liquor(11.7%) and is spread on farmland. The compost and Liquor of these livestock manure are the main causes of water pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to convert livestock manure into energy. For this reason, hydrothermal carbonization technology was applied to evaluate the physical and chemical properties. Among livestock manure, cow manure was used. Through hydrothermal carbonization, it was confirmed that the HHV (Kcal/kg) of 3,101 kcal/kg of raw material rises to more than about 3,800 kcal/kg at 220℃ or higher. This result was judged to be influenced by carbonization through a clear trend of decrease in O/C and H/C ratios. As a result, the value of Bio-SRF was evaluated through hydrothermal carbonization of cow manure, and All other items except for chlorine showed satisfactory results.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.335-340
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• 2010

This study was conducted to select organic materials (OM) and nitrogen sources in composting of waste mushroom bed from Agaricus bisporus. We examined physio-chemical properties of the organic materials and the mixture ratio for preparing the wasted mushroom bed (M) compost. The carbon content of sawdust was higher than those of rice straw (R) as OM source and the nitrogen content was high in the order of fowl manure (F)>> pig manure (P)> cow manure (C). The compost was prepared to maintain the criteria of above 25% organic matter and then the change of their ingredients was estimated during the process of fermentation. The temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+rice straw (MRP) treatment was varied fast throughout fermentation, on the other hand the temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+sawdust (MSP) treatment was steadily elevated to the middle of composting. The pH of the compost was somewhat high to pH 8.5~9.0 at the early stage, but decreased to 7.5 at the end stage of composting. The content of OM after fermentation was decreased to the level of 19~21% in rice straw, but the sawdust treatment maintained 25~27% organic matter. The waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+rice straw (MRF) treatment, which contains 26.2% organic matter and 0.68% nitrogen, was the highest among them. The volume of compost was reduced to 50% by using rice straw as organic matter, but reduced to 30% by using the sawdust. The contents of heavy metal in the compost were suitable within the legal criteria. The number of microorganisms were higher in the rice straw than those in the sawdust. It was high in the order of fowl manure> pig manure> cow manure. The major groups consisted of aerobic bacteria, gram negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. and their populations after fermentation were increased to $1{\times}10^1{\sim}1{\times}10^2\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ rather than those before fermentation. Therefore we concluded that the waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+sawdust (MSF 3:9:1 v/v/v) treatment was suitable combination for high organic matter and nitrogen source, and the periods of composting were 50~60 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.763-772
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• 2018

Objective: Swine manure in Korea is separated into solid and liquid phases which are composted separately and then applied on land. The nutrient accumulation in soil has been a big issue in Korea but the basic investigation about nutrient input on arable land has not been achieved in detail. Within the nutrient production from livestock at the national level, most values are calculated by multiplication of the number of animals with the excreta unit per animal. However, the actual amount of nutrients from swine manure may be totally different with the nutrients applied to soil since livestock breeding systems are not the same with each country. Methods: This study investigated 15 farms producing solid compost and 14 farms producing liquid compost. Composting for solid phase used the Turning+Aeration (TA) or Turning (T) only methods, while liquid phase aeration composting was achieved by continuous (CA), intermittent (IA), or no aeration (NA). Three scenarios were constructed for investigating solid compost: i) farm investigation, ii) reference study, and iii) theoretical P changes (${\Delta}P=0$), whereas an experiment for water evaporation was conducted for analyzing liquid compost. Results: In farm investigation, weight loss rates of 62% and 63% were obtained for TA and T, respectively, while evaporation rates for liquid compost were 8.75, 7.27, and $5.14L/m^2{\cdot}d$ for CA, IA, and NA, respectively. Farm investigation provided with the combined nutrient load (solid+liquid) of VS, N, and P of 117.6, 7.2, and $2.7kg/head{\cdot}yr$. Nutrient load calculated from farm investigation is about two times higher than the calculated with reference documents. Conclusion: The nutrient loading coefficients from one swine (solid+liquid) were (volatile solids, 0.79; nitrogen, 0.53; phosphorus, 0.71) with nutrient loss of 21%, 47%, and 29%, respectively. The nutrient count from livestock manure using the excretion unit has probably been overestimated without consideration of the nutrient loss.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2011

Fermented compost made from medicinal herb wastes (MHWC) as an environment-friendly manure resource was applied to determine physiological activities of Rubus coreanus Miquel (Bokbunja). MHWC, poultry manure compost (PMC), and MHWC+PMC (1:1, w/w) were applied to 2 year-old Bokbunja plant at levels of 0, 20, 40 Mg/ha, respectively. Physiological activities of Bokbunja were investigated at 15, 20 and 25 days after flowering (DAF). Content of total phenolics in fruit was high in order of 25 > 20 > 15 DAF, showing highest value in fruit treated with MHWC at 40 Mg/ha. The flavonoid level showed same pattern to total phenolics. Electron donation abilities at fruits at 15 and 20 DAF were higher than at 25 DAF. Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) was increased on in order of pH 1.2 > 4.2 > 6.0. NSA in fruit at 15 and 20 DAF was higher than at 25 DAF. Tyrosinase inhibition ability at fruits treated with MHWC showed the highest value among all composts. Xanthine oxidase inhibition ability in fruit treated with MHWC at 25 DAF was the highest. In conclusion, physiological activities of Rubus coreanus Miquel (Bokbunja) were improved in MHWC group.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.472-481
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• 2011

In order to reuse remnants of medicinal herb extracts as an environment-friendly manure, fermented compost made from medicinal herb waste (MHWC), poultry manure compost (PMC) and MHWC+PMC (1:1, w/w) were applied on upland soil cultivated with 2 year-old Bokbunja plants. The results of the changes of soil chemical properties on upland soil, the yield and the sugar contents of the fruit harvested were summarized as follows. The pH in soils treated with composts (STCs) was significantly changed (p<0.05) compared with untreated control (UC) group. The electrical conductivity (EC) in MHWC group was decreased 0.46-0.56 times compared with UC, and it was different from PMC groups. The contents of organic matter and total nitrogen were increased in all of the treatments and MHWC group was the highest among the all groups. The content of available phosphorous was different by types and amounts of the composts. The content of heavy metal in all groups did not exceed the standard content for soil contamination. The yield and the sugar contents of the fruit harvested were the highest in the treatments of MHWC. In conclusion, MHWC is an effective compost resource on improvement of soil environment and promoting the fruit qualities.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.139-147
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• 2017

This study was carried out in order to reduce the amount of sawdust for recycling the generated manure from livestock farms, and to investigate the effects on the reducing usage of sawdust and quality of produced compost. To do this, a cylindrical horizontal composting device were used in the experiments and compost was analyzed for judging produce compost quality. The experiment was carried out separately under different cases of operational control conditions. The first case was produced by using sawdust and pig manure mixture(Test-1); the second case was produced by using sawdust, pig manure and the previously produced compost(Test-2). In the second case, Except for some heavy metal content, The water content and C/N ratio were found to be suitable for fertilizer process specification of the RDA(Rural Development Administration) and it was found to reduce the sawdust 1.25tons usage.