• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.814-822
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine and compare the effects of yeast yeast culture (YC) and vitamin E (VE) supplementation on endotoxin absorption and antioxidant status in lactating dairy goats suffering from heat stress (HS). Three first lactation Saanen dairy goats (body weight $30{\pm}1.5kg$) were surgically fitted with indwelling catheters in the portal vein, mesenteric vein and carotid artery, and were randomly assigned to a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. Dietary treatments were the basal diet, and the basal diet supplemented with either 100 IU VE or 30 g YC. Goats were kept in temperature and humidity-controlled room at $35^{\circ}C$ from 8:00 to 20:00 and at $24^{\circ}C$ from 20:00 till the next morning at 8:00. The relative humidity was kept at 55%. HS increased dairy goats' rectum temperature and respiration frequency (p<0.01). HS reduced plasma flux rate of milk goats (p<0.01), but the plasma flux rate increased when the animal was under the conditions of the thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). The VE supplementation lowered dairy goats' rectum temperature during thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). Meanwhile, no significant differences were observed between the control and YC treatment in rectum temperature and respiration frequency (p>0.05). Dietary supplementation of VE and YC reduced heat stressed dairy goats' endotoxin concentration of the carotid artery and portal vein (p<0.01). However, the endotoxin concentration of the YC treatment was higher than that of the VE treatment (p<0.01). Both VE and YC supplementation decreased heat stressed dairy goats' absorption of endotoxin in portal vein (p<0.01). The endotoxin absorption of YC treatment was higher than the VE treatment (p<0.01). The addition of VE and YC decreased dairy goats' superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration during HS and the whole experiment period (p<0.01). The addition of VE lowered SOD concentration during thermo-neutral period (p<0.01). Likewise, the addition of VE and YC lowered dairy goats' malonaldehyde (MDA) concentration during HS and the whole experimental period, and the MDA concentration in the VE treatment was lower than the YC treatment (p<0.05). The addition of VE decreased MDA concentration during thermo-neutral period. On the contrast, the addition of VE increased dairy goats total antioxidant potential (TAP) concentration during HS, thermo-neutral and the whole experimental period (p<0.01). The addition of YC increased TAP concentration only during HS period (p<0.01). It is concluded that both VE and YC are useful in alleviating HS of dairy goats by weakening endotoxin absorption and promoting antioxidant capacity. Compared with YC, VE is much more powerful in easing dairy goats HS.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.178-182
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• 2005

The concentration of total phenolic compounds of the water and ethanol extracts of Yerusalem sage were 9.4 mg/g and 11.1 mg/g respectively. The total antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts of Yerusalem sage were 96.8% and 91.4% in ABTS assay and 97.6% and 87.2% in DPPH assay, PF of the water and ethanolic extracts were 1.1 and 1.6, respectively. TBARS were $0.9{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$ and $0.3{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$, respectively. Antimicrobial effect against H. pylori of the ethanol extract was $9{\sim}15\;mm$ of clear zone diameter at $50\;{\mu}g/ml{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$ of phenolic compound. Phenolic profiles in Yerusalem sage chlorogenic aicd was the highest both in water and ethanol extracts in HPLC analyses.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.173-177
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• 2005

Physiological functionalities of water and ethanol extracts from Basil were determined. The concentration of total phenolic compounds of the water and ethanol extracts were $286.0\;{\mu}g/ml$, $250.0\;{\mu}g/ml$. Antioxidant activities of Basil extracts were determined using 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cations (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radicals (DPPH), antioxidant protection factor and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. The total antioxidant activities of Basil extracts using ABTS were 96.8% in the water extracts and 94.7% in the ethanol extract, DPPH were 87.0%, 93.9%, PF were 0.69, 1.16 and TBARS were $0.2{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M,\;0.6{\times}10^{-3}\;{\mu}M$. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Basil were higher in ethanol extracts (99.7%, 100.0%) than those of water extracts (39.9%, 54.7%). Phenolic profiles in Basil extracts were analyzed using HPLC. The result was that among the 6 phenolics, rosemarinic acid was the highest in ethanol extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.661-666
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• 2003

This research was aimed at evaluating the effects of natural antioxidants on lipid oxidation and sensory quality in cooked, chill- stored and reheated Wanjajun prepared with pork meat (short shank). Sage (SA) and combinations of herbs; basil/mints (BM), rosemary/parsley/thyme (RPT) were used as sources of antioxidants. The products were pan-fried in a medium layer of soybean oil and then stored in a refrigerator at 3$^{\circ}C$ for 8 days after rapid chilling. The process of heat treatment of Wanjajun caused changes in the chemical composition of products and simultaneously, thermal oxidative reaction was initiated. During storage of products in a refrigerator, further hydrolytic and oxidative processes in the lipid extraction were progressed. Acid value was increased, peroxides and malonaldehyde formation gradually were increased during cool storage. Addition of garlic, sage and combinations of herbs retarded the process of oxidation. Wanjajun made with addition of SA and RPT showed good quality in antioxidative potential after 8 days of storage. The sensory effect of herbs on undesirable warmed-over flavor was in order of : SA>RPT>BM.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.137-144
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• 2016

Objectives: Several studies have revealed that systemic hypertension is strongly associated with cataractogenesis. However, the pathophysiology and treatment is often unclear. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cataractogenic effect of cinnamaldehyde (CA), a natural organic compound, in rats with fructose-induced hypertension. Methods: The rats were divided into six groups. For six weeks, the normal group received a suspension of 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (10 mL/kg/day, p.o.) while five other groups received a 10% (w/v) fructose solution in their drinking water to induce hypertension. By the end of the third week hypertension had been induced in all the animals receiving fructose. From the beginning of the fourth week to the end of the sixth week, one of those five groups (control) continued to receive only 10% (w/v) fructose solution, one group (standard) received ramipril (1 mg/kg/day, p.o.) plus 10% (w/v) fructose solution, and three groups (experimental) received CA at doses of 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day p.o., plus 10% (w/v) fructose solution. Blood pressure was measured weekly using a non-invasive blood pressure apparatus. After six weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and the anti-cataractogenic effects on the eye lenses were evaluated. Results: Administration of fructose elevated both the systolic and the diastolic blood pressures, which were significantly reduced by CA at all dose levels. In the control group, a significant increase in the malonaldehyde (MDA) level and decreases in the total protein, $Ca^{2+}$adenosine triphosphate (ATP)ase activity, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, as compared to the normal group, were observed. Administration of CA at all doses significantly restored the enzymatic, non-enzymatic, antioxidants, total protein, and $Ca^{2+}$ATPase levels, but decreased the MDA level, as compared to the control group. Conclusion: The present study revealed that CA modulated the antioxidant parameters of the serum and lens homogenates in hypertension-induced cataractogenic animals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.543-548
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• 2018

The current study examined antioxidant and neuronal cell protective effects of the crude polysaccharide fraction in Cudrania tricuspidata fruits (CTP). The radical scavenging activities of (1,1-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and reducing power and FRAP of CTP were increased dose-dependently. In addition, the expression of neuroprotective effect of CTP was tested in HT22 mouse hippocampal cells. CTP treatment exhibited non cytotoxicity at dose levels below $500{\mu}g/mL$. Within this optimal concentration range, CTP treatment significantly increased cell viability in $H_2O_2-treated$ HT22 cells. Furthermore, CTP treatment increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in HT22 cells. Therefore, these results indicate that the crude polysaccharide fraction from Cudrania tricuspidata fruits (CTP) possesses antioxidant activities and displays therapeutic potential as a useful source material in the development of brain disorder treatments targeting oxidative stress in neuronal cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.9
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• pp.1423-1430
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of superheated steam (SHS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the quality of Galbijjim. SHS cooking increased moisture and crude fat contents and decreased crude protein contents (P<0.05). The value of L was significantly higher upon SHS cooking compared to conventional cooking (CC), whereas a and b values were not significantly different among the samples. Hardness decreased more upon CC than SHS. The results of the safety storage experiment at refrigeration temperature showed that the total number of bacteria was lower in SHS-HHP than in CC-HHP. The thiobarbituric acid value increased to 0.70~1.56 mg malonaldehyde (MA)/kg in CC-HHP after 15 days, and SHS-HHP showed 0.69 (0 day)~1.24 (15 days, $10^{\circ}C$) mg MA/kg. Volatile basic nitrogen value was 18.07~36.76 mg% in CC-HHP, and that in SHS-HHP also increased to 17.06 (0 day)~35.76 mg% (15 days, $10^{\circ}C$). Overall, SHS cooking and HHP reduced microorganisms, which could improve product quality and sanitation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.805-811
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of water extract from Crassostrea gigas (CGW) against ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. Seventy-two male Wistar rats (6-week-old) were divided into six groups of 12 animals each: control group (1 mL saline/d), ethanol-treated group, positive control group (ethanol+Hovenia dulcis Thunb extract), CGWL group (ethanol+low dosage of CGW), CGWM group (ethanol+medium dosage of CGW), and CGWH group (ethanol+high dosage of CGW). All groups except the control group received ethanol (40% ethanol 5 g/kg) orally. CGW administration with ethanol resulted in prevention of ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity by increasing levels of serum alanine aminotransferase and ${\gamma}-glutamyltransferase$. CGW supplementation significantly reduced formation of malonaldehyde and inhibited reduction of hepatic glutathione and peroxidase levels, as compared with the ethanol-administration group. Further, CGW suppressed expression of CYP2E1, which was elevated by ethanol administration. Consequently, our results indicate that Crassostrea gigas may exert hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-induced hepatocyte injury by intensifying the anti-oxidative defense system.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1996

The hypothesis that calcium provoke $O_2^-$ formation by Kupffer cells and may contribute to carbon tetrachloride $(CCl_4)$ induced liver injury was studied in SD rats. In $CCl_4-treated$ animals, hepatic malonaldehyde (nmole/gm liver) and plasma ALT (IU/ml) levels elevated significantly from $119.63{\pm}13.00$ to $268.97{\pm}14.82$ and from $17.3{\pm}0.18$ to $806.08{\pm}37.63$, respectively, compared to those in controls. Activation of Kupffer cells with high dose of retinol (250,000 IU/kg/day, po, for 7 day) significantly enhanced ALT levels, while inactivation of Kupffer cells with gadolinium chloride (7.5 mg/kg/day, ip, for 2 day) attenuated the increase of serum ALT level following $CCl_4$ treatment. Diltiazem (10 mg/kg/day, ip for 2 day) given in combination with retinol led to a marked decrease in ALT levels compare to the level in rats treated only with retinol against $CCl_4$ treatment. In order to determine any alterations in cytochrome P450 activities, the P450 content and the CYP2E1 activity were measured and all $CCl_4-treated$ rats showed significantly lower levels compared to those in controls and vehicle-treated animals. There were significant increases in glutathione peroxidase in all $CCl_4-treated$ rats except diltiazem treated groups. No difference was found among untreated and vehicle-treated rats. It is concluded that Kupffer cells contribute to $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury and that calcium antagonist attenuated the increased $CCl_4-induced$ liver injury due to activation of Kupffer cells.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.225-234
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• 2011

Arabidopsis mutants with T-DNA insertion in seven calmodulin genes (CAM) were used to determine the specific role of CAM in the tolerance of plants to oxidative stress induced by paraquat and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) treatments. Arabidopsis calmodulin mutants (cam) were screened for seedling growth, seed germination, induced oxidative damage, and levels of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt metabolites. Only the cam5-4 and cam6-1 mutants exhibited an increased sensitivity to paraquat and $H_2O_2$ during seed germination and seedling growth. In response to treatments with $3{\mu}M$ paraquat and 1 mM $H_2O_2$, only the cam5-4, cam6-1 mutants showed significant changes in malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in root and shoot tissues, with highly increased levels of MDA. In terms of the GABA shunt metabolites, GABA was significantly elevated in root and shoot tissues in response to the paraquat treatments in comparison to alanine and glutamate, while the levels of all shunt metabolites increased in root tissue but not in the shoot tissue following the $H_2O_2$ treatments. GABA, alanine and glutamate levels were significantly increased in root and shoot of the cam1, cam4, cam5-4, and cam6-1 mutants in response to paraquat (0.5, 1 and $3{\mu}M$), while they were increased only in the root tissue of the cam1, cam4, cam5-4, and cam6-1 mutants in response to $H_2O_2$ (200 and $500{\mu}M$, 1 mM). These data show that the cam5-4 and cam6-1 mutants were sensitive to the induced oxidative stress treatments in terms of seed germination, seedling growth, and oxidative damage. The accumulation of GABA shunt metabolites as a consequence of the induced oxidative stress treatments (paraquat and $H_2O_2$ treatments) suggests that the GABA shunt pathway and the accumulation of GABA metabolites may contribute in antioxidant machinery associated with reactive oxygen species and in the acquisition of tolerance in response to induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis seedlings.