• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 1989

1795 patients who visited orthodontic department from 1979 to 1987, were surveyed on the yearly tendency of patient distribution and state of Angle's classification. The results were as follows; 1. There was increased visiting rate of patient per year and higher visiting rate in female than in male. 2. 8-15 age group was 70.3% in total visiting patients and over 20 age group was 10.8%, under 7 age group was 7.3%. 3. Class I malocclusion was 26.3%, Class II div 1 was 31.0%, Class II div 2 was 1.6% and Class III was 41.1% in total visiting patient. 4. There was increased tendency to be received preventive treatment than fixed treatment and increased extracting rate per year in fixed treatment. 5. There was increased tendency for the number of the patient to be received orthognathic surgery.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2001

Recents reports have demonstrated that force and direction is important during mandibular distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the resistant force of internal pterygoid muscles and inquire into relationship between internal pte'Ygoid muscles and cephalometric parameters. Eighty four patients with class III malocclusion underwent bilateral sgittal splitting of ramus with intraoral vertico-sagittal ramal osteotomy. A spring scale were used for measuring for resistence of internal pterygoid mescles after splitting of ramus. Skeletal-dental cephalometric analysis was made following statistic package was used for correlation between resistence and cephalometric parameters. The resistant force of right internal pterygoid muscle was greater than left muscle in Korean with class III malocclusion and the force had a linear regression relationship with facial depth (distance between nasion and gonion). The results suggested that facial depth has significant correlation of the resistance of internal pterygoid muscle (p<0.05).

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2023

This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a patient with severe anterior open bite and skeletal class II malocclusion with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) of the left condyle. The 21-year-old male patient had open-bite malocclusion, mild crowding, and protrusion of the anterior teeth. Mild erosive changes were detected in the anterior part of the left mandibular condyle on cone-beam computed tomography; however, because no clinical symptoms were present, orthodontic treatment was performed. It is imperative to consider the potential implications of orthodontic treatment on the stability of the TMJ throughout the duration of treatment, as any instability can exacerbate TMJ OA. Hence, it is crucial to opt for the least invasive treatment modality available. In this regard, orthodontic treatment using a skeletal anchorage system as an alternative to conventional orthognathic surgery for patients with open bite holds great promise, as it not only ensures mandibular stability but also significantly ameliorates the open-bite condition.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.219-237
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the frequency and the severity of root resorption of the permanent teeth before orthodontic treatment by means of radiograph in the malocclusion patients. In this study the author analysed the frequency and the severity of root resorption in individual teeth, the relationships of the frequency and the severity of root resorption and age, sex, Angle's classification, overjet, overbite, and maxillary and mandibular incisor inclination, and the relationships of the frequency of root resorption and the characteristics of malocclusion and marked occlusal attrition showed in individual teeth. The results were as follows. 1. All of the persons examined showed some evidence of root resorption in one or more of the permanent teeth, $35.84\%$ of the teeth examined and more frequent in female group than male group(p<0.01). 2. On the susceptibility of the root resorption in individual teeth in this study, the author found the mandibular incisors and the maxillary incisors, in the order named, to be most susceptible in all affected teeth, but maxillary central incisors, maxillary first bicuspids, and maxillary lateral incisors, in the order named, were more susceptible to marked root resolution. 3. The more proclined maxillary Incisors the more affected root resorption in four maxillary incisors and the more proclined mandibular incisors the more affected root resorption in four mandibular incisors. 4. Overbite more affected root resorption than overjet, and the higher tender to openbite the more frequent was root resorption. 5. On the characteristics of malocclusion showed in individual teeth, the openbite teeth combined with crossbite, were most frequent in root resolution.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.2 s.73
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• pp.251-265
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• 1999

Various types of horizontal reference planes are used for diagnosis, treatment planning and evaluation of treatment results. But these reference Planes lack accuracy and repro-ducibility, and are mainly for Caucasian. Unlike the adult patients who have completed growth, the horizontal reference planes for growing children may change continuously during growth. Therefore this must be considered in selecting the horizontal reference plane. The purpose of this study was to Investigate the angle formed by the Sella-Nasion(SN) plane and Frankfort-Horizontal(FH) plane and evaluate the angle formed by FH plane and other horizontal reference planes in relation to different skeletal maturity and malocclusion types. 540 subjects with no orthodontic treatment history were chosen, and hand -wrist X-rays and lateral cephalometric X-rays were taken. According to SMA(Skeletal Maturity Assessment) of hand-wrist X-rays, the subjects were classified into 3 skeletal maturity groups : SMI 1-4 for group A, SMI 5-7 for group B and SMI 8-11 for group C. A second classification was made according to cephalometric analysis of lateral cephalograms. The subjects were classified into 3 malocclusion groups : Skeletal Class I, II and III malocclusion group. 10 measurements were evaluated. The results were as follows. 1. The angle formed by the SN plane and FH plane showed no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between .sexes. 2. The angles formed by the SN plane and FH plane were $8.27^{\circ}{\pm}2.31^{\circ}$ for males and $8.59^{\circ}{\pm}2.24^{\circ}$ for females. The average value for females and males was $8.42^{\circ}{\pm}2.28^{\circ}$. 3. The angle formed by the FH plane and palatal plane was almost constant showing no difference among skeletal maturity groups, malocclusion groups, and between sexes($1.09^{\circ}{\pm}3.21^{\circ}$).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.5 s.70
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• pp.855-864
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the cephalometric characteristics of Korean female patients with Class II division 2 malocclusion and to compare Korean females with Caucasian females who had same type of malocclusion. All of the samples had Class II division 2 malocclusion with deep overbite (more than 4mm) and full permanent dentition. These samples were divided into two groups according to the races: Group 1(N=16; Korean females; average age=18Y 2M) and Group 2 (N:20; Caucasian females; average age=14Y 2M). The pretreatment lateral cephalograms were measured, analyzed and compared by using 38 variables and independent t-test. And the results were as follows: 1. Although there were no differences in Overbite, SN to mandibular plane angle, Palatomandibular plane angle, and FMA between Group 1 and 2, the other vertical relation variables of maxilla and mandible (SN to palatal plane angle, SN to occlusal plane angle, ODI) of Group 1 showed more clockwise rotation tendency of occlusal plane and less hypodivergency tendency than those of Group 2. 2. There were no differences in mandibular body length and ramus height between Group 1 and 2 except small upper genial angle of Group 1. There was less counterclockwise rotation tendency of mandible in Group 1. 3. There were no statistical significant differences in UAFH/LAFH and PFH/AFH between Group 1 and 2. 4. Although there were no differences of overjet and anteroposterior position of mandible between Group 1 and 2, the position of maxilla of Group 1 was more retropositioned than that of Group 2. 5. Except the more protrusion of lower incisor to A-Pog of Group 1, there were no differences of inclination and distance of upper and lower incisors to basal plane between Group 1 and 2. 6. The distance from upper- first molar to palatal plane showed no difference between Group 1 and 2. But the distance from lower first molar to mandibular plane of Group 1 was greater than that of Group 2. So it may be partially related to the clockwise rotation of occlusal plane and the less counterclockwise rotation tendency of mandible of Group 1. 7. Group 1 had more protrusive upper and lower lips than Group 2.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.32 no.3 s.92
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• pp.195-207
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• 2002

Numerous studies have revealed the similarities and discrepancies in two divisions of class II malocclusion, since these malocclusion groups have been postulated to be disparate criterion, much as classified under one diagnostic umbrella. This study was undertaken to describe the craniofacial configurations of class II division 1 and 2, and consequently to discriminate the morphologic differences between the two malocclusion groups in Korean sample. Lateral headfilms of 34 class H division 1 and 29 division 2 were employed, while those of 142 adults of normal occlusion served as a control. The landmarks were digitized and 26 variables were statistically analyzed for one way ANOVA. 1. There manifested no statistically significant difference in maxillary position anteroposteriorly. Normal occlusion group exhibited most anteriorly positioned mandible, whereas class II division 1 showed the most retroposition. Class II division 1 disclosed clockwise rotation tendency of mandible, which resulted in position of the chin Posteriorly. 2. Class II division 1 showed greater in SN to MP, SN to PP significantly than other groups. 3. Class II division 2 showed smaller genial angle and larger mandibular body length than other groups. 4. Class II division 1 revealed greater anterior lower face height than other groups, whereas division 2 dictated significantly greater posterior face height. 5. Class II division 2 expressed the most retroclined lower incisor, while division 1 manifested the most proclination. The largest interincisal angle resided in Class II division 2 group. There were no significant differences in upper molar position anteroposteriorly.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2004

The habit of finger sucking is a reflex occurring in the oral stage, due to nutritive and psychological desire. The habit of finger sucking is considered to be normal till 3 years of age. Dento-skeletal effect on maxillo-mandibular complex including occlusion is naturally correction, when habit stopped before 3 years. If finger sucking continues till $3{\sim}4$ years, Finger sucking leads to severe malocclusion and remarkable discrepancy maxillo-mandibular complex, which is difficult in expectation of natural correction. It is necessary to positive treatment. Treatment of malocclusion, as related to finger sucking is classified two methods. (psychological approach and orthodontic appliance) To stop a habit and to correct severe skeletal discrepancy and malocclusion, $fr\ddot{a}nkel$ appliance is very effective device. This study is to report two cases of treatment of malocclusion, as related to finger sucking. 2 years 10 months old girl with severe overjet, maxillo-mandibular skeletal discrepancy and severe convex facial profile was treated with a FR-II appliance. Finger sucking habit stopped immediately After 16 months, severe overjet, maxillo-mandibular skeletal discrepancy and severe convex facial profile was corrected. 4 years 2 months old girl with midline deviation, mandibular right shift, collateral posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry was treated with a FR-III appliance. Finger sucking habit stopped immediately. After 10 month, Midline deviation, mandibular right shift, collateral posterior crossbite and facial asymmetry were corrected. FR-appliance is a recommendable appliance for a habit breaker and correction of skeletal discrepancy.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.375-401
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• 1995

Cause of skeletal Class III malocclusion in growing patients can be classified into maxillary deficiency, mandibular overgrowth, and combination of the two. Use of Protraction Head Gear(P.H.G.) has been recommended for treatment of growing Class III malocclusion patients, for it results in forward & downward movement of maxilla and backward & downward rotation of mandible. Numerous animal experiments were performed and clinical study data have been reported ; nevertheless, studies on soft tissue profile change and comparison of treatment effects among the patients who had undergone treatment are considered to be somewhat insufficient. The author selected 93 patients, who had been diagnosed as skeletal Class III malocclusion with maxillary deficiency and then treated with P.H.G. ; the sample group was divided according to sex, treatment beginning age, palatal suture opening(intraoral appliance), and facial growth pattern. For each group, changing patterns of hard and soft tissue profile observed, and comparision with 20 normal group(Angle's Class I) patients of statistical significance in amount of growth and treatment of hard and soft tissue was done. The following results were obtained. 1. Skeletal, dental, and soft tissue measurements indicated that more growth changes was induced in the sample group that used P.H.G. compared to the growth amount of normal group. 2. No statistical significance was observed in the amounts of maxillary forward movement and mandibular backward & downward rotation depending on treatment beginning age in both sex group. 3. R.P.E. showed more significant maxillary forward movement and less protrusion of upper incisor than La-Li. 4. There was no statistical significance in the amount of maxillary forward movement depending on facial growth pattern. On the other hand, measurements indicating mandibular downward & backward rotation indicated greater change in counterclockwise growth pattern group than the clockwise. 5. Changes in upper and lower lip thicknesses showed a close relationship with positional changes in underlying bone tissue and upper and lower teeth, and upper lip height and nasolabial angle increased and mentolabial angle decreased.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.26 no.1 s.54
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• pp.53-63
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• 1996

In order In analyze the occlusion of TMD patient, 73 casts and post eroanterior cephalometric X-rays of patients showing TMD symptoms at first interview were measured and compared that of 30 non-patients . Horizental overjet, vertical overbite, openbite, crossbite, depth of curve of Spee, midline deviation, facial asymmetry, attrition, and TPI were measured and processed statistically The results could be summarized as follows, 1. TMD group showed the highest prevalence in twenties, teens, and before 9 years old group in order, and more prevalent in female than male. 2. There were no statistically significance between two groups of overjet and overbite measurements, but showed significance of 6 classification of anterior tooth relationship between two groups TMD groups. 3. n group had more anterior openbite than normal group but there were no statistically significance between two groups. 4. Anterior crossbite was more prevalent in normal group brit posterior crossbite was more prevalent in TMD group. 5. TMD group showed deeper curve of Spee and there were statistically significance between two groups. 6. TMD group had more attrition than normal group and there were statistically significance beween two groups. 7 TMD group showed more facial asymmetry than normal group. 8. TPI did not showed statistical significance beween two groups. According to the above results, TMD group showed severe and complex mode of malocclusion and this should be carefully regarded when treatment planning and during the treatment of malocclusion.