• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.69-85
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• 2016

Successful relationship with loving partners is one of the most important factors in life. In psychology, there have been some previous researches studying the factors influencing romantic relationships. However, most of these researches were performed based on statistical analysis; thus they have limitations in analyzing complex non-linear relationships or rules based reasoning. This research analyzes commitment and persistence in heterosexual involvement according to styles of loving using a datamining technique as well as statistical methods. In this research, we consider six different styles of loving - 'eros', 'ludus', 'stroge', 'pragma', 'mania' and 'agape' which influence romantic relationships between lovers, besides the factors suggested by the previous researches. These six types of love are defined by Lee (1977) as follows: 'eros' is romantic, passionate love; 'ludus' is a game-playing or uncommitted love; 'storge' is a slow developing, friendship-based love; 'pragma' is a pragmatic, practical, mutually beneficial relationship; 'mania' is an obsessive or possessive love and, lastly, 'agape' is a gentle, caring, giving type of love, brotherly love, not concerned with the self. In order to do this research, data from 105 heterosexual couples were collected. Using the data, a linear regression method was first performed to find out the important factors associated with a commitment to partners. The result shows that 'satisfaction', 'eros' and 'agape' are significant factors associated with the commitment level for both male and female. Interestingly, in male cases, 'agape' has a greater effect on commitment than 'eros'. On the other hand, in female cases, 'eros' is a more significant factor than 'agape' to commitment. In addition to that, 'investment' of the male is also crucial factor for male commitment. Next, decision tree analysis was performed to find out the characteristics of high commitment couples and low commitment couples. In order to build decision tree models in this experiment, 'decision tree' operator in the datamining tool, Rapid Miner was used. The experimental result shows that males having a high satisfaction level in relationship show a high commitment level. However, even though a male may not have a high satisfaction level, if he has made a lot of financial or mental investment in relationship, and his partner shows him a certain amount of 'agape', then he also shows a high commitment level to the female. In the case of female, a women having a high 'eros' and 'satisfaction' level shows a high commitment level. Otherwise, even though a female may not have a high satisfaction level, if her partner shows a certain amount of 'mania' then the female also shows a high commitment level. Finally, this research built a prediction model to establish whether the relationship will persist or break up using a decision tree. The result shows that the most important factor influencing to the break up is a 'narcissistic tendency' of the male. In addition to that, 'satisfaction', 'investment' and 'mania' of both male and female also affect a break up. Interestingly, while the 'mania' level of a male works positively to maintain the relationship, that of a female has a negative influence. The contribution of this research is adopting a new technique of analysis using a datamining method for psychology. In addition, the results of this research can provide useful advice to couples for building a harmonious relationship with each other. This research has several limitations. First, the experimental data was sampled based on oversampling technique to balance the size of each classes. Thus, it has a limitation of evaluating performances of the predictive models objectively. Second, the result data, whether the relationship persists of not, was collected relatively in short periods - 6 months after the initial data collection. Lastly, most of the respondents of the survey is in their 20's. In order to get more general results, we would like to extend this research to general populations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between obesity indices, nutritional knowledge, nutritional intake status, and some blood parameters in obese middle-school students. Anthropometric measurement, 24-hour recall for dietary intake, blood analysis and Questionnaire response including nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, and self-satisfaction were conducted in 42 obese middle-school students (28 male and 14 female) participated in the nutritional camp program carried by Bucheon district public health center in Kyunggi-do. The mean age of subjects was 13.9 years. The average body weight, BMI, obesity index, WHR and percent body fat were 75.5 kg, 29.1 kg/$m^2$, 30.1, 0.89 and 33.3% in male subjects, and 67.8 kg, 27.5 kg/$m^2$, 25.3, 0.81 and 34.6% in female subjects. The average nutritional attitude, the self-satisfaction and the nutritional knowledge scores were no significant difference between male and female subjects. Average intake of energy were 85.5% of RDA in males and 98.1% of RDA in females. The percentage of energy from fat was higher in both male (29%) and female (26%) subjects than recommended level. Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$, vitamin C, niacin and folate intakes were below the RDA for them. In the results of correlation analysis, body weight, BMI and obesity index were positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and cholesterol intake. There was a negative correlation between percent body fat and nutritional knowledge. Body weight was negatively related to HDL-cholesterol, whereas it has positive relation with RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit. BMI and obesity index were negatively related to HDL-cholesterol, but positively related to RBC, respectively. WHR showed positive relationship with serum GPT, glucose and MCV.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.657-663
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the difference in feeding habits of Red-Tongued Viper Snakes, according to available foods sources and areas. The effects of differences in food sources were found on Red-Tongued Viper Snake inhabited in the Jeju Island and its islet Gapado, from May 2006 to Nov. 2010. The food sources for the Red-Tongued viper snake population in the Jeju Island were found to be as follows: Chinese red-headed centipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans), Jeju Salamanders (Hynobius quelpaertensis), Japanese tree Frogs (Hyla japonica), Narrow-mouthed Toad (Kaloula borealis), Dybowski's Brown Frogs (Rana dybowskii), Black-spotted Pond Frogs (Rana nigromaculata), Smooth Skinks (Scincella vandenburghi), Asian Keelback Snakes (Amphiesma vibakari), Lesser White-toothed Shrews (Crosidura shantungensis), Hallasan Shrews (Sorex caecutiens hallamontanus), and Jeju Striped Field Mice (Apodemus chejuensis). This implies that Red-Tongued Viper Snakes mainly feed on amphibians, reptiles, and small mammals. Among these, amphibians occupied the highest portion at 55.2% followed by mammals at 20.7%, centipedes at 13.8%, and reptiles at 10.3%. On the contrary, Red-tongued viper snake population in Gapado only feed on Chinese red-headed centipedes and Smooth Skinks (S. vandenburghi). Since only a small amount of nutrient can be obtained from Chinese red-headed centipeds or Smooth Skinks, this feeding habit for Red-tongued viper snake would adversely effect on the growth or regeneration. The reason why Red-Tongued viper snake population in the Gapado mainly feed on Lizard and Centipedes in spite of relatively various available food sources, might be due to the low density of other food sources in the Gapado. Red-Tongued viper snake could be feeding on foods that are low in quality but are easily accessible, to minimize energy consumption on searching for other more nutritious foods. A snake tends to select the size of its food depending on the size of its own head. The positive correlation was found between the size of the heads of Red-Tongued viper snakes from the Jeju island and the diameter of their foods. The head size was larger in the males than females in viper snake population from the Jeju Island, which might effect on their selection of foods. However, no significant difference was found between the sizes of the head and the food in the Red-Tongued viper snake population from the Gapado. The findings of this study would provide meaningful data, which directly shows that even within the same viper species they choose different available food sources according to their inhabitance. This leads to their growth and adaptation to their environment which is beneficial for sustaining of its population.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.417-428
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• 2013

The red fox (Vulpes vulpes), listed as a Class I endangered species by the Ministry of Environment of Korea, has been considered to be extinct in South Korea since the 1980s, and an intensive restoration project has been underway in Sobaeksan national park. This study was carried out to develop a suitable model for the red fox reintroduction program based on Population viability analysis (PVA) by using the VORTEX program. If 10 animals (5 females and 5 males) were continuously released into the initial zero population every year for 10 years, population growth rate and extinction probability over the next 50 years after the introduction of the population were $0.018{\pm}0.204$ and 0.354, respectively; the maximum population size was 116.34 at the 16th year after the first release, and a reduction rate of 1.22 every year from the 17th year was inferred. We found that additional releases would be needed from the 17th year after the initial release to maintain a positive growth rate and to prevent the extinction of the released red foxes, and releasing more than 12 individuals every year would be needed for the long-term, continuous existence of red foxes. By contrast, if fewer than 6 red fox individuals were released the extinction probability over the next 50 years was more than 80%. To maintain the minimum population growth rate, the release of more than 8 individuals were needed for positive population growth. The population growth rate was more stable when 10 animals in the change of their sex rate every year from the set value were released as the female-to- male sex ratio of 6:4 rather than 1:1. However, if the female-biased sex ratio was increased by more than 7:3, a negative population growth was expected. The occurrence rate of roadkill and poaching are important factors in the red fox restoration project. The extinction probability was decreased to 30% if each factor was decreased to 3% based on the standard baseline; however, if each factor was increased to more than 3%, an extinction rate of about 90% was reached over the next 50 years.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.201-212
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the biology of three species, Tipula latemarginata Alexander, T. nova Walker and T. aino Alexander, of the Genus Tipula in Korea. Field surveys for the biology of the species were carried out at the three sites of Neaseong Stream area in Bongwha County from January 2001 to December 2005. Also many individuals of the species were reared in laboratory to investigate the biology. The larval habitats of the species were streams, rivers, paddy fields, damp earth or leaky revetments. The Tipula larvae were herbivorous. Newly-hatched first instar larvae fed on soft algae, and the larvae gradually fed on leaves, stems and roots of a variety of plants or hard leaf litters, as they grew. During the molting of the larvae their body kept moving from left to right and up and down. Molting usually took not more than 2 hours, and about four hours after molting, the larvae started to eat heavily. The Tipula larvae in aquatic places moved to drier land for pupation and went through short prepupal stage lasting 1-2 days for pupation at fourth instar larval stage. When emerging, the Tipula pupae placed their head and thorax on the earth, but the other parts in the earth. Emergence from the pupal case required about 20 min. to one hour. Mating of Tipula adults took place within 5-7min. after emergence and the duration of mating was about 40 min. The female adults of the species laid eggs by walking with 3 pairs of legs over the damp earth or algal beds. Their body was positioned vertically on the ground with their wings spread $120^{\circ}$ and legs landed on the surface. The oviposition usually took place from one day to 4 days after emergence and the number of eggs carried by female adults were an average of 501-760 per individual. Tipula adults didn't normally feed, and drank water only occasionally. For a few days after emergence, the adults reared in the laboratory rarely drank water. As they neared to death, however, they frequently drank water. The longevity of adults reared in the laboratory with only water during the summer was ca. 4-9 days and males usually survived a little longer than females. The longevity of T. nova was increased 3 times or more as much by feeding them 3% sugar water. Male adults of T. latemarginata outnumbered female adults by 2.6 : 1 in the fields.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the immature development period, fecundity, emergence rate and sex ratio of Sclerodermus harmandi against different host insects, Monochamus alternatus, M. saltuarius and Psacothea hilaris. Full grown larvae and pupae of host insects were provided with foods. The mean larval period of S. harmandi female was $29.2{\pm}0.93\;and\;25.1{\pm}0.47$ days in larvae and pupae of M. alternatus, $27.1{\pm}0.41\;and\;26.0{\pm}0.69$ days in M. saltuarius, and $26.3{\pm}0.38\;and\;31.2{\pm}0.24$ days in P. hilaris, respectively. S. hilaris adults were emerged at $12.9{\pm}0.2$ days in female and $11.9{\pm}0.2$ days in male after pupation when hosted M. alternatus pupa. Development period in male showed shorter one day than in female. Success rate of oviposition against different hosts was higher as 98.6 and 97.5% on full grown larva and pupa of M saltuarius. Emergence rate was higher as 90.1 and 87.3% on M. saltuarius larvae and pupae. Sex ratio of emerged S. harmandi adults was approximately 10:1 (Female : Male), females showed higher emergence rate than males. The period until first oviposition after emergence in S. harmandi female was the shortest in $4.6{\pm}0.1$ days on M. saltuarius pupa. When three females of S. harmandi were inoculated on M. saltuarius larva, the number of laid eggs was the highest $62.7{\pm}2.5$ per female.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.361-376
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• 1999

1. Backgrounds and Purpose : Pruritus, one of the most common dermatological symptoms, was clinically examined with a view to a better understanding of its characteristics for more accurate treatment. 2. Method : For 22 months from November in 1997 to September in 1999 we selected outpatients who had consulted for itchiness more than twice in the department of Sasang Constitution of the Pundang Oriental medical hospital, Dongkook University, and 59 of those (35 males and 24 females) were confirmed of their course of treatment. From their medical records and history, we learned the general characteristics and patterns of pruritus, and the qualities and effects of its various treatments. 3. Result and Conclusion : Pruritus was more complained by men than by women and the largest age groups were 20's and 30's. For its suffering period, the duration of 1 month to less than 1 year was the greatest, and most patients had already experienced western medical care. Itchiness affected them almost day and night. In addition, many patients had abnormal bowel habits as a general symptom. According to Sasang Constitution, the Soeumin gave sleep disturbance and indigestion; the Soyangin showed a different pattern in their tongue coatings and bowel habits; the Taeumin had different tongue coatings and sweating pattern. The commonly prescribed herbal formula for pruritus was Gakhangjungisan, Yangkyuksanhwatang, Chungsimyonjatang. As for their efficiency, 61.0 % of patients improved, whereas 39.0 percent did not. Patients aged over 30 showed a more significant improvement than those of 20 years or under, and the duration of less than 1 year was more significantly improved than that of 1 year or more. Those who had no experience in western medical care or had been continuously treated showed a more significant improvement than those with intermittent treatments, and severe pruritus was more significantly improved than mild pruritus.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

Development and life table statistics of indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Hiibner)on brown rice (Sativa oryzae L., var 'Ilpum' ) were tested under five different temperatures (17, 20, 25,28 and 3 2 f 0.5"C). The developmental response of females to the temperature was not significantlydifferent from that of males. In the tested temperature range, developmental period and life span of adultmoth decreased as the temperature increased and ranged from 149.9f30.4 to 38.1 k5.6 days and from19.4f 5.1 to 6.9k2.0 days at 17$^{\circ}$C and 32"C, respectively. Emergence rate increased with the increaseof temperature and ranged from 13.0f 6.2% at 17$^{\circ}$C to 49.2f 25.9% at 32$^{\circ}$C. However, hatching ratecurve in relation to the temperature was dome shape with the peak of 73.8 k5.37~a t 25"C, suggesting thathatching is inhibited by high temperature above that temperature. As the temperature increased, femalesconcentrated their oviposition on the second day after emergence. In the temperature range of 17 SIM 25"C, the number of eggs laid per female were not related to the temperature and ranged from 133.4f 37.6to 154.3k57.4. But the number of eggs laid per female decreased at 32$^{\circ}$C which suggests closerelationship with hatching ability. The net reproduction rate was highest at 28$^{\circ}$C and followed by those at25$^{\circ}$C and 20$^{\circ}$C. However intrinsic rate of natural increase of the moth population on brown rice wasestimated to be highest at 32$^{\circ}$C (0.065 per day), probably due to the short developmental period, highemergence rate and the concentrated oviposition of females on earlier days of the emergence.ition of females on earlier days of the emergence.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 2000

Clinical observation was made on 44 cases of stable thoracolumbar compression fracture that were confirmed through simple x-ray and neurological examination. They were hospitalized and treated by acupuncture and moxibustion, bed rest, herb medicine and physical therapy. If necessary, patient was given an enema. The results obtained are as follows. 1. The patient distribution ratio, in regard to sex, was shown to be 1: 13.7 for males to females. In regard to age, it was shown that people in their 60's was the most predominant case, followed by people in their 70's, 80's, 50's and 40's, respectively. 2. In regard to contributing factors, it was observed that accidental falls were most frequent, followed by reasons unknown, repetitive lifting of heavy objects, overlaboring and bruise in that order. 3. In regard to duration of illness before treatment, it was found that treatment within 1 week was most predominant, followed by over 4 weeks, and 1-2 weeks, respectively. 4. With regard to the duration of hospitalization, hospitalization within 2 weeks was found to be most predominant, followed by 2-4 weeks. 5. In regard to the level of the affected vertebral body; The affected vertebral bodies distributed between T3 to L5 except for T7; T12 was found to be most predominant, followed in turn by L1 and L5. 6. In regard to the number of affected vertebral bodies, 2 was the most frequent followed by 1 and 3, in that order. The average of the number of affected vertebral bodies was observed to be 2.8 and single vertebral body compression fracture was shown to have no clinical and statistical difference as compared with multiple vertebral body compression fractures. 7. In regard to the grade of the seriousness of symptoms, it was found that Grade IV was most predominant, followed by Grade III. 8. With regard to signs at the first medical examination, low back pain was seen in the highest number, and followed in order by gait disturbance, flank pain, flexion-extension disturbance, disturbance of rotation to right or left, and bowel dysfunction. 9. Concerning the effect of treatment, good results were most predominantly seen, and 95.5% of total patients showed fair results. 10. The duration of admission treatment due to the grade of clinical symptoms was as follows; In the case of the Grade IV, it was observed that within 2 weeks was most predominant and for Grade III was 2-4 weeks. It was also found that the grade of clinical symptoms was not in proportion to the duration of admission treatment. 11. In regard to the result of treatment due to the grade of clinical symptoms; It was found that in the case of Grade IV, within 2 weeks was most predominant, and for Grade III, it was found to be 2-4 weeks. 12. Intestinal obstruction was shown in 50% of total patients; In the case of duration of constipation, more than 1 week was found to be most predominant, followed by 2 and 4 days respectively. 13. With regard to the treatment of intestinal obstruction, using acupuncture and moxibustion, herb - medicine and enema together were found to be most effective. 14. Intestinal obstruction was mostly seen in the case of Grade IV.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.5 s.106
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• pp.394-407
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• 2004

The Purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the lower third molar on treatment time and distal en masse movement of the lower dentition in Giass III malocclusions. Thirty subjects (9 males and 27 females) were selected, all of whom were diagnosed as Glass III malocclusion and treated by fixed appliances without premolar and/or molar extraction. They were divided into three groups Group 1 consisted of 12 subjects. whose lower third molars were not extracted during the whole orthodontic treatment. Group 2 consisted of 8 subjects. whose lower third molars were extracted after WEAW application and before removal of the orthodontic appliances. Group 3 consisted of 10 subjects whose lower third molars were extracted before MEAW application. For each subject. overall treatment time and duration of MEAW application were determined. In addition. pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalometric radiographs were analyzed. All data were Processed statistically with ANOVA, and the conclusions were as follows: There was no significant difference among the groups in overall treatment time However, duration of MEAW application was longer in Group 2 than in Group 1 or Group 3. The overjet that was established after orthodontic treatment was largest in Group 3, in which the lower third molars were extracted befor MEAW application. After orthodontic treatment, IMPA decreased in Group 3. but increased in Group 1 and Group 2. There was no significant difference among the three groups in the translation of lower second molars However the tipping movement of lower second molars was significantly different, highest in Group 2 and lowest in Group 1 Therefore. it is thought to be better for the orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusions to extract the lower third molars before MEAW application. In Group 2, the mandibular plane angle was decreased as a result of forward rotation of the mandible This skeletal change was thought to bring about the difficulty of treatment.