• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-74
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• 2017

Purpose: Kidney transplantation (KT) is an ideal treatment for pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We report the clinical outcomes of pediatric ESRD patients who underwent KT in a single regional center. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 60 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with ESRD and underwent KT in our hospital between January 1985 and June 2016. Results: A total of 60 children and adolescents (40 male, 20 female; mean age, $13.86{\pm}4.26$ years) were included in this study. Six patients (10.0%) underwent KT immediately after receiving the diagnosis of ESRD, while the others underwent KT after dialysis treatment (mean period of dialysis, $368.7{\pm}4,41.8$ days). The mean donor age (50 living-related [83.3%], 10 deceased [16.7%]) was $40.0{\pm}12.85$ years and the male:female ratio was 1.07:1. The most common cause of ESRD was chronic glomerulonephritis. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years after KT were 98%, 98%, and 96%, respectively, while the graft survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93%, 86%, and 68%, respectively. Children who underwent KT before 10 years of age had better monthly growth rates than those who underwent KT later than 10 years of age. Conclusions: KT is performed less frequently in children than in adults, but causes of ESRD vary and clinical outcomes after KT greatly affect the growth and development of pediatric patients. Therefore, further analysis and monitoring of clinical progression after KT in pediatric ESRD patients are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.43 no.6 s.208
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• pp.1-12
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• 2005

This research analyzed the effect of activity-centered reading band on Korean fairy tales on children's reading attitude and comprehension. The reading altitude of the experimental-group children exhibited more meaningful change in such subordinate areas as academic reading attitude. The academic reading attitude of the male experimental-group had higher improvement than that of the female experimental-group. In addition, the reading comprehension scores of the experimental-group children were higher than those of the control-group children. The reading program effects on reading comprehension were more meaningful in girls in the experimental group than boys in the group. Therefore, the results of this study have demonstrated the necessity of the development and application of a Korean fairy tales program for reading and an activity-centered reading program.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-216
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• 1998

This study is aimed at exploring a reasonable and reliable method of measuring pre-school children's somatotypes and there by, data basing the information obtained and classifying their somatotypes, at providing useful data which can be utilized for the design of their dress forms and enhancing the fitness of their apparels. to this end, 330 pre-school children living in the capital area and aged fro m4 to 6 were sampled to be subject to the measurement of their somatotypes. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. As the pre-school children grow, the scales indicating their vertical growth including height could well be measured differently, but those scales indicating their lateral somatotypes which reflect their postural changes did not show among age groups. in other words, male kids were higher in the scales including height than female kids, while there were not differences between sexes in most scales indicating their lateral somatotypes. 2. The elements comprising the somatotypes were the size of body skeleton, the thickness of body mass, the posture and shape of body mass, the lateral under-neck shape, the extrusion of belly, the length between front and the back shoulder, the shape of lower belly, the shape of upper hip, the shape of lower hip and the slope of shoulders. Among them, the first two elements accounted for 64.8% of the total distribution, which means that these two elements explain the body-mass somatotypes of kid's most effectively. 3. The sample kids were divided into two types for classification of their somatotypes. As a result, it was found that the elements determining their somatotypes most influentially are, unlike adults' case the size of body skeleton rather than posture or lateral body shape. The type I showed less dimensions in most scales than type II, while their shoulder were les developed,. The type I was found distributed much in 4-year-old female kids. The type II showing more development in each element was found distributed much in 6-year-old male kids.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.229-237
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• 2003

Objectives：Among the studies related to excessive computer use, the studies for elementary school students are relatively rare. Because children have relatively poor ability to recognize and express themselves, the carers' information is important to assess the children. This study attempted to investigate the relationship between children's computer use and sociopsychiatric characteristics on the basis of carers' reports. Methods：The subjects of this study were 287 5th- and 6th-grade students in the elementary school in Seoul. The student carers were asked to answer the questions for children's computer use, the computer addiction test modified from Young's parent-child internet addiction test, Korean Personality Inventory for Children(K-PIC). SPSS(version 10) was used to analyse the differnece of computer use between genders and the relation of the computer addiction test with K-PIC. Results：1) The score of computer addiction test was significantly higher in male children than in female children and more male children compared to female children were distributed in the excessive user group. 2) The score of computer addiction test correlated with the scores of most clinical scales of K-PIC and the average scores of most clinical scale were significantly higher in the excessive user group than in the general user group. 3) More children with score above 65 in HPR, DLQ, FAM scale were distributed in excessive user group than in general user group. Conclusion：The 5th- and 6th-grade elementary school students with excessive computer use were found to show more sociopsychiatric problems. With these finding we suggest that social and clinical attention to the children who use computer excessively shoud be required.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.39-45
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• 2011

Women's educational opportunities have been increasing and women's general advancement in higher education is the underlying factor behind the increasing number of female students in medical school. A number of issues affect female students and residents, including the existence of gender bias and sexual harassment, higher stress levels and lower levels of work satisfaction, the lack of role models in academic medicine, and conflict between work and family roles, including challenges surrounding having children. To what extent female and male medical students and residents make different career and life style choices is also an important issue. The shortage of doctors in surgical departments and maldistribution among specialties are of great concern in the health care system and medicine's future. We must prepare to solve these problems. New medical policies and educational approaches are needed for the future.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.46 no.1 s.116
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• pp.33-52
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• 2007

This study is based on the grade 3 National Diagnostic Assessment of Basic Competency(NDABC) in 2005. The purpose of this study is to analyze the results of NDABC by students' gender. It was 19,257 grade 3 students that participated in this study. The average scores are 89.41 and 88.34 for each male and female. The percentage of Below-Basic level for male students is 4.6% and for female 5.6%. The percentage of female students at Below-Basic level is increasing for 3 years. In particular, the percentage of females at Below-Basic level is higher than that of males in the content of measurement, the cognitive domain of reasoning and problem solving, and the situation of real life. The item difficulty for males is lower in fraction, polygon, and right triangle than for females. But female students need to improve the space sense and the problem solving ability in real life. As for the background of students, males think that mathematics is exciting and not difficult in comparison with what females think. And parents of mates are more concerned about children's learning than those of females.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 1997

This study was carried out with 343(161 male, 182 female) elementary school children to investigate the relationship between 5th and 6th grade males and females of living in Chuncheon city. The degrees of going without a meal and overeating showed high in breakfast and dinner respectively. Also most children responded that they eat more than usual when they are under stress. After having dinner, 52.8$\%$ of the children ate snacks. 64.7$\%$ of the children have unbalanced diets with the main reason being they don't like the peculiar smell that some foods have. Most children sleep 8 hours and go to school on foot, and 74.3$\%$ of the children enjoy indoor activities in their spare time. The regularity of exercise shows a low level of 39.1$\%$. In weight control, 51.0$\%$ of the children take no interest in it. Thirty percent of the children get their nutrition knowledge from school and the order of average mark of their nutrition knowledge is poor(40.5$\%$), fair(36.4$\%$), and excellent(23.0$\%$). Most children like sweet taste. It is prevalent that the children think instant food is not good for their health, and their preference for instant food is on a fair level. The most popular instant food is in the order of ddogbbokki, ice-cream, kimbap, fried chicken and pork cutlet.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.258-265
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• 2015

Objectives : Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems in social interactions. We compared the effect of 10-session social skill training (SST) among two groups, children with pure ADHD, and those with ADHD with comorbidity. Methods : Consecutive 10-session SST was conducted for 34 children from 2006 to 2012. There were 22 children with pure ADHD (male 20, female 2), and 12 children suffering from ADHD with comorbidity (male 11, female 1). All children took medication as prescribed by their doctors before the start of SST. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Korean Personality Inventory for Children (K-PIC), the Conner's Rating Scale, the ADHD Rating Scale, and the Home Situation Questionnaire were completed by mothers before and after the SST. All children completed the Child Depression Inventory, the Stat-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Self-Concept Scale and the ADHD Diagnostic System before and after the SST. Results : Only children with pure ADHD showed improvement in anxiety and self-concept in scales rated by children. In the CBCL rated by parents, the pure ADHD group and the ADHD with comorbidity showed improvement in both externalizing and internalizing subscales. In the K-PIC rated by parents, the pure ADHD group showed improvement in most outcomes and ADHD with comorbidity showed positive change in verbal development. Conclusion : These results suggest that SST has significant positive effects on both the pure ADHD and ADHD with comorbidity group. Further research is needed in order to target diverse comorbidity groups with ADHD to improve the effectiveness of the SST.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.625-639
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• 2010

This study compared male and female university students' perceptions of parenthood and their need for pre-parental educational program. Responses of 579 university students in 5 universities were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers. Data were analyzed using a T-test and Pearson's chi squared test. Results showed that (1) systematic and pre-parental education may increase opportunities for university students to prepare parent and child rearing skills. (2) Any pre-parent educational program developed should cover practical and such as communication skills, child-rearing techniques and ways of disciplining children. In this way an educational program could provide university students suitable guidance and give them a positive and proper attitude toward parenting should they become parents in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : The nasalance score measured by Nasometer is a supplementary data for the perceptually rated nasality by a trained speech pathologist. The nasalance score varies with subjects. The objective of the present study was to examine whether there are differences in nasalance scores as a function of age and sex. Materials and Method : This study used 20 normal chidren aged from 3 to 8 and 40 normal adults aged from 21 to 37(male : female= 1 : 1) as subjects. The nasalance scores were analyzed in 3 different phonetic contests(nasal, /i/ vowel,/a/ vowel) and 4 different sentence lengths(1, 2, 4, 8 syllable). Results : The children had significantly higher nasalance scores in short sentences an the adults. The female subjects had significantly higher nasalance scores in nasal sentences and in short sentences than the male subjects. Conclusion : These results may indicate that sex and age differences should be considered in the interpretation of the nasalance score in nasal sentences or in short sentences.