• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.244-252
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was aimed to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular risk factors among workers at small-sized companies having fewer than 50employees in Korea. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a secondary data analysis on workers' health examination data. Data from 21,784 employed workers were analyzed, including 16,488 males (mean age 38.7years)and 5,296 females (mean age 40.5 years). Participants were newly enrolled in annual health check-ups at a professional health clinic from 2009 to 2011. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify age-adjusted gender specific predicting factors of MetS incidence. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 13.4% in male and 7.7% in female workers. Logistic regression analysis showed that, when age was adjusted for, family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was a predicting factor in both male and female workers. For male workers, heavy alcohol drinking and non-manual occupation (office workers/drivers) predicted MetS. Conclusion: Health care providers should screen for MetS periodically in small work places especially for those with a family history of CVD. Educational counseling needs to be given to male workers with sedentary occupations with an aim to reduce heavy drinking and encourage lifestyle modification.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.457-461
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• 1975

The author observed the relationships beween the dental midline and the midsagittal plane by taking 242 cases P-A cephalo-graphy grouped by male and female 2-6 years age group, 7-15 years age group, and adult age group. The following results were obtained by the observation. 1. Generally, the median line almost coincided with dental midline ineach age group. 1. It showed som degree of deviation in each age group. 2. It showed some degree of deviation in each age group. 3. The some degree of deviation shifted in accordance with each age group. 4. In adult age group, the dental milline more coincided with median line in male than in female.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.177-185
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• 2009

This study investigates the differences in mean F0, intensity, jitter and shimmer across hearing aid, gender and vowels. For this study, 20 hearing-impaired adults and 20 normal hearing adults as a control group were asked to read 7 Korean vowels(/$\alpha$, $\Lambda$, o, u, ɯ, i, $\varepsilon$/). Subjects' readings were recorded by NasalView and analyzed by Praat. Results showed that the means of F0 were significantly higher in the hearing impaired group(HL) than in the normal hearing group(NH), in the female group than in male group, and in high vowels than in low vowels. Second, intensity was significantly higher in the normal hearing group(NH) than in the hearing impaired group(HL), in male group than in female group, and in low vowels than in high vowels. Third, jitter was significantly higher in the normal hearing group(NH) than in the hearing impaired group(HL), and in female group than in male group and in the back vowels than in front vowels. Finally, shimmer was significantly higher in the normal hearing group(NH) than in the hearing impaired group(HL), and in male group than in female group. In particular, the male group showed that front vowels tend to have higher shimmer than back vowels.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-92
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• 2009

The purposes of this study are to investigate the relationship between university students' romantic and parent attachment in attachment security and to examine the relationship among romantic attachment, parent attachment and filial obligation for generational transition. Major results of this study are as follows: first, the level of attachment anxiety in female students is higher than male students. 25.1% of the subjects is classified into a secure type and 74.9% is classified as an insecure type. Second, female subjects feel strong attachment to their mothers than male subjects. Third, romantic attachment of female students is related to attachment to their fathers. Fourth, male subjects feel more filial obligation than female subjects. Finally, their romantic and parent attachment are positively related to their filial obligation. Variables that explain male students' filial obligation are ones of 'giving economic aid to parent' and 'the extent of attachment to their fathers'. A variable accounting for female students' filial obligation is 'the extent of attachment to their mothers'.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.85-100
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to analyze body measurements, BMI and body type according to age in the male and female groups based on 3D scan body measurement data of adult men and women in their 20's~30's and to provide basic information usable in the clothing and fashion industry. For this purpose, we analyzed 3D scan body measurement data of 848 adults measured in the 6th Size Korea project and the results were as follows. First, there were differences in 3D scan body measurements according to age in the male and female groups, and in general the measurements of the height items were larger in younger adults and the measurements of the circumference, breadth and depth items were larger in older ones. Second, there were differences in 3D scan body measurements according to BMI in the male and female groups, and in general body measurements were largest in the obesity group and lowest in the underweight group. Third, BMI was different according to gender and in general BMI was higher in men and obesity and overweight were more frequent in men than in women. Moreover, BMI was significantly different according to age and was higher in the 30's than in the 20's. Fourth, the mean difference in the drop and lower drop values according to age in the male and female groups was significant, and the drop and lower drop values were lower in the 30's than in the 20's. These results are considered meaningful as data for the development of clothing size systems, patterns and grading in the areas of clothing and fashion targeting consumers in their 20's~30's.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 1977

A study was performed to investigate the size of tongue area and intermaxillary space area, and compare the sexual differences between normal Korean children and adults by introducing planimetric and linear analysis of the lateral cephalograms. The cephalograms were composed of 41 child male aged 10.8, 40 child female aged 10.5, 38 adult male aged 21.3 and 40 adult female aged 20.8 respectively. In order to study and measure the intermaxillary space area, the followings were selected, as reference items: occlusal plane, anterior intermaxillary space height, posterior intermaxillary space height, length of intermaxillary space. Among those reference items anterior intermaxillary space height and posterior intermaxillary space height were perpendicular to the maxillary plane. An. index, (equation omitted) While the tongue area was plotted by outline of tongue shadow, above a line extending from the vallecula to the most anterior point on the hyoid body, and above a line from the most anterior point of the hyoid body to the menton. The obtained results were as follows: 1. In general the measurements of male were larger than those of female in intermaxillary space area in childhood and adulthood group. but intermaxillary space area of childhood group showed no significant sexual difference, and that of adulthood group showed significant sexual difference when evaluated statistically. 2. In both groups the measurements of male were larger than those of female in tongue area and there are also statistical significance of sexual differences in both age groups. 3. Considerable growh changes between the childhood and adulthood groups were revealed in intermaxillary space area and tongue area, and the tongue had tendency to become relatively smaller when compared with the intermaxillary space in both sex.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.135-150
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• 2009

Objectives : Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of the bone, and one of the most important public health problems around the world. Obesity rate gradually increases as women grow older. The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes between bond mineral density(BMD) and body mass index(BMI) according to sex and age. Methods : We measured the bone mineral density(BMD) of lumber spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck in 10000 normal adult, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; DPX-alpha). and also measured the body mass index(BMI) in 9810 normal adult. then we analysed the changes of BMD and BMI according to sex and age. Results : 1. As getting older, male's T-score of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of lumbar spine was sharply dropped after 46 years old. 2. As getting older, male's T-score of femoral was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of femoral was sharply dropped after 49 years old. 3. Irrespective of age, male's BMI keep up the extent within a definite period of numerical value. As getting older, female's BMI continued its upward trend. Conclusions : Much more attention should be needed for female patient suffering from osteoporosis and obesity than male.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate sodium and potassium balances, as well as correlations among the relating factors in adult males and females. We collected blood, urine and feces samples as well as a dietary intake survey from 50 subjects. Then, we analyzed the sodium and potassium contents in blood, urine and feces, and evaluated their state of balance. The average ages of the study targets were 24.7 years old for males and 22.8 years old for females. The daily energy intake by the males was 1733.4 kcal and by the females was 1570.3 kcal. Sodium intakes were 138.3 mEq and 127.5 mEq for males and females, respectively. Potassium intakes were 43.1 mEq and 49.3 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of sodium through urine were 136.6 mEq by males and 97.0 mEq by females and the excretions through feces were 2.2 mEq and 2.0 mEq, respectively. The daily excretions of potassium through urine were 20.2 mEq and 16.5 mEq by males and females respectively, and the excretions through feces were 7.7 mEq and 7.5 mEq male to female. The retention rates of sodium were 11.7% and 14.1% male to female, respectively, and the apparent absorption rates were 98.5% and 97.8%. Additionally, the retention rates of potassium were 32.9% and 39.8% and the apparent absorptions were 81.9% and 81.3%, both male and female. It was noted that, overall, the sodium intake of adult males and females is still higher than the recommended daily sodium intake, while the potassium intakes and excretions were found to be lower. Based on the results of this study, nutritional guidance and education is recommended to encourage decreased sodium intake and increased potassium intake, according to recommended standards.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.33-48
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate bag purchase behaviors according to materialism value. The subjects were 443 male and female adult consumers in their 20s to 50s. The research method was a survey, and the questionnaire consisted of questions on materialism value, bag purchase behaviors, and demographic characteristics. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Cronbach's α, χ² test, factor analysis, cluster analysis, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test were performed. The results of this study were as follows. First, materialism value was derived from three factors (happiness pursuit, possession-oriented, and success judgment). Second, subjects could be divided into three groups (happiness pursuit group, success judgment pursuit group, and immaterialism group) based on the materialism value variable. Third, the derived groups showed many differences in bag purchase behaviors. The happiness pursuit group considered all bag evaluation criteria factors (practicality, aesthetics, economy, symbolism) and bag purchasing information sources factors (mass media and personal sources) more than other groups, and showed a tendency to prefer select shops and complex shopping malls as bag purchasing places. In addition, the average annual cost and frequency of purchasing bags of this group were higher than those of other groups. The success judgment pursuit group considered symbolism as a bag evaluation criteria more than other groups, and considered personal sources as bag purchasing information sources more than mass media sources, and preferred luxury stores and department stores as bag purchasing places. On the other hand, the immaterialism group considered practicality and aesthetics as bag evaluation criteria and placed less importance on all information sources than other groups, and preferred Internet shopping malls as purchasing places. This group had the lowest average annual purchase cost and frequency among the three consumer groups. This study suggested that materialism value is a useful variable to segment male and female adult consumer markets effectively, and to understand the bag purchase behaviors of consumer groups divided by materialism value.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1976

A study was performed to investigate the size of pharynegeal cavity and sexual differences between Korean adult male and female by introducing linear analysis of the lateral cephalogram. The radiograms were composed of 46 adult males aged 24.64 and 52 adult females aged 22.74 respectively. In order to study and measure the pharyngeal area the following skeletal landmarks were selected: S, N, A, Ptm, B, H, H', M, S' N, FH and CV, and the angle CV-FH was measured to provide a factor for correction of error resulting from improper head positioning of subjects, especially in the relative positions of A and H, while radiography. All points to be measured were projected at right angles to the Frankfort plane. For the purpose of measuring the anteroposterior dimensions of pharyngeal cavity the distances were measured in A-Ptm, A-S, S-Ptm and CV-H, and vertical measurements were made in SN-A, SN-PNS, SN-H' and M-H'. The obtained results were as follows: 1. The pharyngeal cavity is broader in the vertical than in the anteroposterior diameter in both sex and the maxium sexual differences were showed in the distances between SN and H', and minimal sexual differences in the distances between S and Ptm. 2. In general, the measurements of male were larger than those of female in the anteroposterior dimensions of pharyngeal cavity, but the distances bet-ween A and S, between CV and H showed significant sexual differences when evaluated statistically. 3. All of the measurements were larger in male than in female in vertical dimensions of pharyngeal cavity, and there were statistical significances of sexual differences in all variables.