• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.215-228
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• 2014

Traditional beam connections to the minor axis of a column have relatively low strength and stiffness. A modified detail, using a plate welded between the toes of the column flange - referred to as a toe plate connection - is examined in this paper. The results of an experimental investigation for both flush and extended end-plate connections connected to a 25 mm thick end-plate are presented. The tests are complemented by finite element modelling which compares very well with the test observations. The results show a significant increase in both moment resistance and initial stiffness for this connection detail compared with connections made directly to the column web. This offers the prospect of more optimal solutions taking advantage of partial strength frame design for the minor axis as well as major axis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.825-847
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• 2011

This paper investigates the design using wind-moment method for semi-rigid un-braced steel frames bending on weak axis. A limiting sway method has been proposed to reduce the frame sway. Allowance for steel section optimization between moment of inertia on minor axis column and major axis beam was used in conjunction with slope-deflection analysis to derive equations for optimum design in the proposed method. A series of un-braced steel frames comprised of two, four, and six bays ranging in height of two and four storey were studied on minor axis framing. The frames were designed for minimum gravity load in conjunction with maximum wind load and vice-versa. The accuracy of the design equation was found to be in good agreement with linear elastic computer analysis up to second order analysis. The study concluded that the adoption of wind-moment method and the proposed limiting sway method for semi-rigid steel frame bending on weak axis should be restricted to low-rise frames not more than four storey.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2017

The component method is an analytical approach for investigating the moment-rotation relationship of steel connections. In this study, the component method was improved from two aspects: (i) load analysis of mechanical model; and (ii) combination of spring elements. An optimized component method with more reasonable component models, spring arrangement position, and boundary conditions was developed using finite element analysis. An experimental testing program in two major-axis and two minor-axis connections under symmetrically loading was carried out to verify this method. The initial rotational stiffness obtained from the optimized component method was consistent with the experimental results. It can be concluded that (i) The coupling stiffness between column and beam flanges significantly affects the effective height of the tensile-column web. (ii) The mechanical properties of the bending components were obtained using an equivalent t-stub model considering the bending capacity of bolts. (iii) Using the optimized mechanical components, the initial rotational stiffness was accurately calculated using the spring system. (iv) The characteristics of moment-rotation relationship for beam to column connections were effectively expressed by the SPRING element analysis model using ABAQUS. The calculations are simpler, and the results are accurate.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.303-317
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• 2006

The connection with combined cross diaphragm is developed for the connection of square CFT column and steel beam and proposed to be used for the frame with asymmetric span length. The structural characteristics of this connection lie in the penetration of the beam flange in the direction of major axis through the column for the smooth flow of stress. The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic behavior and stress flow of suggested connection and to evaluate the resistance to shock of connection. Four T-type CFT column-to-beam specimens; two with combined cross diaphragm and the others with interior and through diaphragms, the existing connection types, were made for cyclic load test guided by the load program of ANSI/AISC SSPEC 2002. The results show that the proposed connection is more efficient than existing ones in terms of strength, stress flow and energy absorption and satisfies the seismic performance required in the region of weak/moderate earthquakes.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.308-329
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• 1997

A lot of the research paper was reported about the result of influence of IMC (Intra-mobile connector) in the IMZ implant placed solely in the alveolar bone, but reports about the effect of IMC on functional load at state of connecting with natural teeth ere rare. The major propose of this study was find the mechanical character of IMC itself by using the finite element analysis program after simulated variance of condition connected with the natural teeth and implant on funcional load. When first and second premolar was lost, IMZ implant was placed with a diameter of 3.3mm and a length of 13mm with IMC in second premolar area. Rigid connection was done and the non-figid connention was located on the female part of the canine abutment and the implant respectively and then both the infraocclusion of $30{\mu}m$ and the non-infraocclusion under the load of 40kg applied to the portion of the natural teeth, the pontic and the implant. The displacement and the stress of it was estimated and analyzed IMC itself of the rigid connection and the non-rigid connection was grouped. The following result were obtained. 1. In all groups, the displacement of Y-axis was greater than that of X-axis and the aspect of displacement showed that IMC was displaced downward and to the center. 2. There was no differences in the displacement of IMC regardless of the connection type. 3. In the displacement of IMC, I 4 was the least, I 1 and I 3 are similar and I 2 was the greatest. 4. There was no differences in the peak value of maximal stress of IMC regardless of the connection type. 5. In the peak value of maximal stress of IMC, I 4 was the least, I 1 and I 3 were similar, and I 2 was the largest.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.765-784
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• 2015

Connections are usually designed either as pinned usually associated with simple construction or rigid normally is associated with continuous construction. However, the actual behaviour falls in between these two extreme cases. The use of partial strength or semi-rigid connections has been encouraged by Euro-code 3 and studies on semi-continuous construction have shown substantial savings in steel weight of the overall construction. Composite connections are proposed in this paper as partial or full strength connections. Standardized connection tables are developed based on checking on all possible failure modes as suggested by "component method" for beam-to-column composite connection on major axis. Four experimental tests were carried out to validate the proposed standardised connection table. The test results showed good agreement between experimental and theoretical values with the ratio in the range between 1.06 to 1.50. All tested specimens of the composite connections showed ductile type of failure with the formation of cracks occurred on concrete slab at maximum load. No failure occurred on the Trapezoidal Web Profiled Steel Section as beam and on the British Section as column.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.71-85
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• 2006

This paper presents the results of a series of tests carried out on cold-formed steel rectangular hollow and concrete infilled beam to column connections and frames. A stub column was chosen such that overall buckling does not influence the connection behaviour. The beam chosen was a short-span cantilever with a concentrated load applied at the free end. The beam was connected to the columns along the strong and weak axes of columns and these connections were tested to failure. Twelve experiments were conducted on cold-formed steel direct welded tubular beam to column connections and twelve experiments on connections with concrete infilled column subjected to monotonic loading. In all the experiments conducted, the stiffness of the connection, the ductility characteristics and the moment rotation behaviour were studied. The dominant mode of failure in hollow section connections was chord face yielding and not weld failure. Provision of concrete infill increases the stiffness and the ultimate moment carrying capacity substantially, irrespective of the axis of loading of the column. Weld failure and bearing failure due to transverse compression occurred in connections with concrete infilled columns. Six single-bay two storied frames both with and without concrete infill, and columns loaded along the major and minor axes were tested to failure. Concentrated load was applied at the midspan of first floor beam. The change in behaviour of the frame due to provision of infill in the column and in the entire frame was compared with hollow frames. Failure of the weld at the junction of the beam occurred for frames with infilled columns. Design expressions are suggested for the yielding of the column face in hollow sections and bearing failure in infilled columns which closely predicted the experimental failure loads.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제30권11호
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• pp.1037-1043
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 단위음소로 다이폰을 사용하여 음성을 합성하는 방법에 관하여 기술한다. 음성 합성은 기본적으로 단위음소들의 연결을 통하여 이루어지는데, 이때 발생하는 가장 큰 문제점은 두 단위음소 사이의 연결부분에서 불연속이 발생하는 것이다. 이 문제를 해결하기 위하여 본 논문에서는 포만트 궤적뿐 아니라 스펙트럼의 분포특성과 인간의 청각적인 특성을 반영하여 스펙트럼을 완만화하는 방법을 제안한다. 즉, 제안하는 방법은 단위음소의 연결 구간에서 인간의 청각신경 특성을 고려하여 완만화의 양과 범위를 결정한 다음, 두 다이폰 경계의 스펙트럼 분포를 시간에 따라 가중치를 다르게 주어 스펙트럼 완만화를 수행한다. 이 방법은 불연속을 제거하며 완만화로 인하여 발생할 수 있는 음성의 왜곡을 최소화한다. 제안하는 방법의 성능을 평가하기 위하여 ETRI 음성 DB 샘플과 개인별로 자체 녹음한 총 20여개의 문장에서 추출한 약 500여 개의 다이폰에 대하여 실험을 수행하였다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1993년도 Fifth International Fuzzy Systems Association World Congress 93
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• pp.1005-1008
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• 1993

Supervised learnmg 01 recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is discussed. First, we review the present state of art, featuring their major properties in contrast of those of the multilayer neural networks. Then, we concisely describe one of the most practical learning algorithms, i.e. backpropagation through time. Revising the basic formulation of the learning algorithms, we derive a general formula to solve for the exact solution(s) of the whole connection weights w of RNNs. On this basis we introduce a novel interpretation of the supervised learning. Namely, we define a multidimensional Euclidean space, by assigning the cost function E(w) and every component of w to each coordinate axis. Since E=E(w) turns up as a hyper surface in this space, we refer to the surface as learning surface. We see that topological features of the learning surface are valleys and hills. Finally, after explicating that the numerical procedures of learning are equivalent to descending slopes of the learning surface along the steepest gradient, we show that a minimal value of E(w) is the intersection of curved valleys.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1974

광양만의 물리해상 조사를 1974년 5월, 7월과 9월 3회에 걸쳐서 실시하고 그 자료를 연구 분석 하였으며 여수축후소가 발표한 기상 자료에 의해서 해황에 미치는 기상 조건등을 논의하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 만내의 해수 유동은 주로 조류에 의한 것이며, 섬진강의 담수가 이에 첨가되어 같이 움직이고 있다. 따라서 만내의 해수는 유입량보다 유출량이 담수의 유입량 만큼 많이 나타난다. 수질은 저 염분이며 섬진강 물이 이에 크게 영향을 주고 있다. 2. 노량수도에서의 유속은 비교적 큰 편이며, 이곳에서는 지형적 영향으로 밀물때 진주만 쪽으로 나가는 유출량보다 썰물때 광양만내에 들어오는 유입량이 다소 많다. 3. 썰물 때 여수해만을 통하여 들어오는 해수는 크게 세가지로 나누어지며, 하나는 노량수도로, 또 하는 북서절하여 묘도를 우회하여 지진도와 강탄을 거쳐 만의 서쪽으로 유입되고, 나머지 하는 묘도 남쪽수도를 통하여 우순도를 지나 만의 남서해역으로 유입된다. 4.썰물 때 만의 남서해역의 해수도 북쪽수도를 우회하여 여수해만 쪽으로 흘러나가며, 극히 제한된 최남서부해수가 묘도남쪽의 좁은 수도를 통하여 엿해만 쪽으로 흘러나간다. 그리고 노량수도를 통하여 들어온 해수도 광양만 동쪽해역을 통하여 이와함께 여수해만쪽으로 흘러나간다. 5. 만내 수온은 표층이 5월에 $17^{\circ}C$내외, 7월과 9월에 $22~24^{\circ}C$, 10m층은 5월에 $16^{\circ}C$ 내외, 7월에 $22^{\circ}C$ 내외, 9월에 $24^{\circ}C$ 내외였다. 표층과 10층의 수온 차는 5월에 약 $1^{\circ}C$ 표층이 높게 나타났으며, 7월과 9월은 깊이에 의한 차는 없었다. 6. 만내의 수온은 13~15시경에 최고이고, 일출직전이 최저로 일교차는 약 $2~4.5^{\circ}C$로, 비교적 크게 나타났다. 7. 관측점에서의 염분의 일 변동은 $3.7\textperthousand$로, 만조시 고염준, 간조시 저염분으로 나타난다. 8. 만내외 염분은 5월에 최고 $28\textperthousand$ 7월에 최고 $28\textperthousand$, 9월에 최고 $31\textperthousand$였으며, 10m층은 5월에 $30~32\textperthousand$, 7월에 $30~31\textperthousand$, 9월에 $30.5~31\textperthousand$로 표층 염분은 계절에 따라 변화가 크다. 그러나 10m층은 거의 일정하다. 9. 일반적으로 만의 동쪽에서 서쪽으로 감에 따라 해수의 염분은 점차로 낮아진다. 10. 담수의 유입과, 만의 대부분이 수심이 얕아 바람에 의한 수직혼합이 심하기 때문에, 만내의 수색은 맑지 못하며, 6~9정도이다. 투명도는 대개 1내외이고 9월에는 여수해만 쪽이 5이상 되는 곳도 있다. 11. 점원 방류한 Rhadamine B 30분호의 확산계수는 장축 및 단축방향으로 각각 $785.6{\times}10^2\;\textrm{m}^2/sec$ 및 $15.{\times}10^2\;\textrm{m}^2/sec$였다. 12. 평균 기온은 1월에 $1.5^{\circ}C$로 최저이고, 최고는 8월의 $2.58^{\circ}C$가 되며, 최저기온의 월 평균도 1월이 $-1.8^{\circ}C$로 최저이고, 8월이 $23.5^{\circ}C$로 가장 높다. 13. 빙점 이하의 날씨도 년 55일로 1월은 제외하고는 비교적 적다. 14. 겨울철은 계절풍의 영향으로 북서풍이 30.1%로 풍속이 6.6 m/sec이고 2월에는 27.1%로 6.3 m/sec이다. 이것으로 보아 겨울철에는 매일 평균 5시간 이상 6 m/sec의 바람이 분다고 생각된다. 여름철은 매일 3시간 내외의 3~4m/sec의 남남서풍이 불며, 정온 상태는 9월이 10%로 가장 높다. 15. 강수량은 1월이 최저로 17.1mm이고, 7월이 262.6mm로 최고이며, 연 총강수량은 1313.7mm로 우리나라에서 가장 비가 많이 오는 지역의 하나이다.