• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.1-20
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• 2009

The main investigation of this thesis is about the comparative analysis of the fashion style preferences in the ages of 20-30 women, according to the style, by researching the area of Dalian and Seoul, represented as outstanding fashion cities in north eastern area. Both taking pictures and recording camcoders were performed at the famous fashion street in Seoul and Dalian. The period of investigation was from 24th of July to 2nd of August 2008. The result of research are as follows. Generally, the casual style was predominant in both area. The jean casual in Seoul was somewhat tidy and conservative, while that in Dalian showed the tendency of boldly exposed their body. In terms of easy casual, T-shirts and mini-tight skirt were preferred in Seoul, while T-shirts and midi-flare skirt was popular in Dalian. In Seoul, the blouse and mini skirt were in vogue, while one-piece dress, blouse and 5/7/9 length pants were prevalent in Dalian, in case of romantic style. The sports casual was relatively low in frequency in both areas, however, it was relatively more popular in Dalian than in Seoul. The frequency of classic style was similar in both areas. The T-shirts/blouse and Chanel-line skirt were preferred in Seoul, while the combination of jacket/shirts and full-length straight pants were preferred in Dalian. The one-piece dress was predominant in feminine style, the combination of mini one-piece dress and shoulder bag prevalent in Seoul, while the combination of Chanel-line one-piece dress designed as boldly exposed body was popular in Dalian, which shows the tendency of sexy, feminine style. The clear contrast or differences of street styles in Seoul and Dalian would become evident by this research. The continuous investigations into the various regions of China would be expected as an important measure for the successful launching into the Chinese fashion market.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.223-242
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• 2024

Wind comfort in cold climates is one of the most essential factors for urban planners. This issue is particularly important for sidewalks that are in line with the prevailing wind flow and surrounded by high-rise buildings. Imam Street near the University Square in Tabriz is one of the passages that struggle with uncomfortable wind speeds. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of sidewalk walls on pedestrian wind comfort. These multifunctional walls not only serve as street furniture, but also reduce wind speed at pedestrian level. In this work, all simulations are performed using the RWIND tool and validated by wind tunnel experiments at the Architectural Institute of Japan. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the angle, height and spacing of the walls on wind attenuation at pedestrian level. The results show the effect of multifunctional walls on pedestrian-level wind mitigation. By rotating the windbreak walls from 0 to 60 degrees along the street, the average wind speed decreases by 30% to 46% compared to a situation without this type of wall. Increasing the wall height from 1.5 to 2 meters reduces the urban wind speed by 39-46%. However, increasing the distance between the sidewalk walls from 3.5-9.5 meters reduces the speed in the models from 46% to 32.7%. Finally, it has been demonstrated that sidewalk walls with a height of 2 meters, a rotation angle of 60° and a distance of 3.5 meters are the optimal choice for wind attenuation at pedestrian level.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.63-71
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• 2012

Recently, web portals have been offering georeferenced SLI(Street-Level Imagery) services, such as Google Streetview. The SLI has a distinctive strength over aerial images or vector maps because it gives us the same view as we see the real world on the street. Based on the characteristic, applicability of the SLI can be increased substantially through conflation with other spatial datasets. However, spatial inconsistency between different datasets is the main reason to decrease the quality of conflation when conflating them. Therefore, this research aims to remove the spatial inconsistency to conflate an SLI with a widely used 2D vector map. The removal of the spatial inconsistency is conducted through three sub-processes of (1) road intersection matching between the SLI trace and the road layer of the vector map for detecting CPPs(Control Point Pairs), (2) inaccurate CPPs filtering by analyzing the trend of the CPPs, and (3) local alignment using accurate CPPs. In addition, we propose an evaluation method suitable for conflation result including an SLI, and verify the effect of the removal of the spatial inconsistency.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.47-58
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to categorize the types of sidewalk cafes, and to evaluate design factors with types of sidewalk cafes for street revitalization. Consequently, it may suggest efficient and systemic policies for the guidelines of sidewalk cafes. To ensure this end, the types of sidewalk cafes were categorized from the street relationship perspective by site investigation. A literature review and importance analysis were used to select the evaluation criteria, and the data were analyzed by statistic methods such as descriptive analysis and factor analysis. As a result, five main factors of the evaluation criteria were contracted: accessibility, aesthetics, identity, environmental, culturedness. Cumulative factor loading of these five factors was 68.731%, which was quite high. And the evaluation using the Likert scale was performed by 4 experts. Types of sidewalk cafes were categorized into 5 types: protruding, gating, blending stereoscopic, elevation angle, and sign provision from the street relationship perspective. On the evaluation by type, aesthetics and culturedness were the worst evaluated in the protruding type and the gating type, culturedness was the worst in the blending stereoscopic type, accessibility, aesthetics, culturedness were the worst in the elevation angle type, and accessibility, identity, culturedness were the worst in the sign provision type. On the evaluation by the indicators, culturedness was the worst evaluated, and on the evaluation by criteria, 'safety for impaired persons', 'interest of programs', 'openness of entrance' were the worst. It is recommended that a survey of importance-performance analysis focused on users be conducted.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

July 1, 2004 Seoul Metropolitan city is operating the Median Bus Lane System on Gangnam Main Street, Seongsan-Susaek-ro (Road) and Dobong- Mia-ro (Road) as one of the systematic reorganizations in public transportation. It has been assumed that there was an improvement in the speed of bus considering that the Median Bus Lane System practiced on Cheonho-daero (Main Street) since 1996 have had 35km/h on the average. If the Median Bus Lane goes into effect, there is a problem with the left turn on the crossroad. The buses go on the existing first lane so that the left fuming cars cannot help but turn left on the second lane. In case that the Median Bus Lane is put into practice, the left turn on the crossroad should not be allowed. However, if the left turn is not permitted on the crossroads in the aforementioned main streets, neighboring residents will complain about it and there will be some difficulties in finding other detour. On the premise that the prevalent left turn on the crossroads is allowed while the Median Bus Lane is being put into practice, this study suggests the separation of a stop line between buses and other vehicles as a way of fuming left in a safe manner and a way to calculate the appropriate distance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.60-74
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• 2018

This study was to investigate the pedestrian's thermal environments in the North Sidewalk of E-W Street during summer heatwave. We carried out detailed measurements with four human-biometeorological stations on Dongjin Street, Jinju, Korea ($N35^{\circ}10.73{\sim}10.75^{\prime}$, $E128^{\circ}55.90{\sim}58.00^{\prime}$, elevation: 50m). Two of the stations stood under one row street tree and hedge(One-Tree), two row street tree and hedge (Two-Tree), one of the stations stood under shelter and awning(Shelter), while the other in the sun (Sunlit). The measurement spots were instrumented with microclimate monitoring stations to continuously measure microclimate, radiation from the six cardinal directions at the height of 1.1m so as to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) from 24th July to 21th August 2018. The radiant temperature of sidewalk's elements were measured by the reflective sphere and thermal camera at 29th July 2018. The analysis results of 9 day's 1 minute term human-biometeorological data absorbed by a man in standing position from 10am to 4pm, and 1 day's radiant temperature of sidewalk elements from 1:16pm to 1:35pm, showed the following. The shading of street tree and shelter were mitigated heat stress by the lowered UTCI at mid and late summer's daytime, One-Tree and Two-Tree lowered respectively 0.4~0.5 level, 0.5~0.8 level of the heat stress, Shelter lowered respectively 0.3~1.0 level of the heat stress compared with those in the Sunlit. But the thermal environments in the One-Tree, Two-Tree and Shelter during the heat wave supposed to user "very strong heat stress" while those in the Sunlit supposed to user "very strong heat stres" and "exterme heat stress". The main heat load temperature compared with body temperature ($37^{\circ}C$) were respectively $7.4^{\circ}C{\sim}21.4^{\circ}C$ (pavement), $14.7^{\circ}C{\sim}15.8^{\circ}C$ (road), $12.7^{\circ}C$ (shelter canopy), $7.0^{\circ}C$ (street funiture), $3.5^{\circ}C{\sim}6.4^{\circ}C$ (building facade). The main heat load percentage were respectively 34.9%~81.0% (pavement), 9.6%~25.2% (road), 24.8% (shelter canopy), 14.1%~15.4% (building facade), 5.7% (street facility). Reducing the radiant temperature of the pavement, road, building surfaces by shading is the most effective means to achieve outdoor thermal comfort for pedestrians in sidewalk. Therefore, increasing the projected canopy area and LAI of street tree through the minimal training and pruning, building dense roadside hedge are essential for pedestrians thermal comfort. In addition, thermal liner, high reflective materials, greening etc. should be introduced for reducing the surface temperature of shelter and awning canopy. Also, retro-reflective materials of building facade should be introduced for the control of reflective sun radiation. More aggressively pavement watering should be introduced for reducing the surface temperature of sidewalk's pavement.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.33-45
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• 2003

This is a study that examines the fashion changes in the 20th century in terms of various subcultures in the period. Starting from defining the concept and the developing process of subculture, this study traces the history of subcultural styles from 1930s to 1990s, focusing on the way each generation resisted the main stream through its styles. This study is intended to provide a theoretical frame on the understanding of subcultural styles, with a close examination of its formative and developing process and characteristics. This study understands subcultural style as a way of deviate or resistant expression within a society. It differentiates itself from the main style by deliberately and publicly asserting its own identity, and, as a result, realizes in the form of fashion its repressed subconsciousness, resistance to the alienation from the society, and deviation from the normative ethics and morality of a society. The four types of subcultural styles presented in chapter 4 are based on their form of resistance, and they are classified and analyzed as follows: The first type is revision, which tries to revise and change the given form by adding new elements. There are two kinds of revision, one is dressing up, which dresses for success, and the other is minimal dressing. Hyperbole is the second type, which resists by emphasizing or hyperbolizing the main stream with its erotic, nihilistic, or dynamic forms. Two kinds of hyperbole are examined, one is hyperbole of masculinity, and the other is ostentatious hyperbole. The third type is reversal and rejection, which reverses the forms from the established sign system into its own secret code, or rejects the traditional taboos. This type include no dressing, and the reversal of sex identity. Isolation and redrawal is the fourth type, which tries to distance itself from the ritual code of the day. This type is divided into dressing of the escape from time, and dressing of the escape from space. The first group of this type is characterized by nostalgia or futurism. An emphasis is given on ethnicity, naturalism, or a closed space within a city in dressing of the escape from space. In conclusion, it can be said that subcultural style puts the foremost importance on individual freedom. Since 1990s, the distinction between the subcultural styles and high fashion gets somewhat blurred, while the liberal, sexual, life stylistic tension between the two groups are heightened.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.273-283
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the user's evaluation of the street environment for the Urban Regeneration New Deal project, which maintains its original urban context and improves the urban environment, as opposed to the full-demolition projects such as urban redevelopment or reconstruction. A questionary survey was conducted on residents for the general neighborhood type of Urban Regeneration New Deal projects in Daegu. An IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis) was conducted to compare the user's satisfaction with the street environments. The main results are as follows. First, the importance and satisfaction of street environments were different for each project. Second, the cleanliness of sidewalks showed high importance and satisfaction at all projects. Third, residents' satisfaction with signs and buildings was high, but their importance was low. Last, residents' satisfaction with parking and the segregation of pedestrian and vehicle was low, but their importance was high. It is necessary to build differentiated plans and programs to meet the needs of residents in the Urban Regeneration New Deal projects.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.617-629
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• 2020

In the historical and cultural blocks with the most concentrated urban cultural heritage, the development of both side streets is impacted by the development of the main street, which shows a gradual decline. The loss of placeness on both side streets has resulted in more empty houses. Therefore, it is urgent to pay attention and take countermeasures to the empty houses in historical and cultural blocks. In this study, the vacant houses on Zhongshan Road in Hangzhou, China were taken as the object of study to understand the location theory and the six dimensions of Matthew Carmona's urban design. Meanwhile, it further analyzed the evaluative features of the placeness of the vacant houses in the historical and cultural street, to provide direction and basis for the flexible using of other empty houses in Zhongshan Road. Then by applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), it obtained the importance scale of each evaluative feature and compared the evaluation results of experts with the analysis results of cases, getting the results as follows: In the flexible application of vacant houses in historical and cultural street, the evaluation result of placeness indicates that this kind of usage should be in order of societal level, perceptional level, functional level, morphological level, visual hierarchy and temporal level; among the evaluative features, security, identity, usability, individuality, aesthetics, connection, diversity, openness, continuity, accessibility, order and history should be considered in turn.

• Proceeding of KASS Symposium
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.83-88
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• 2005

This paper deals with design processing for in a east- north Seoul. The pedestrian cross over main street through Seoul and Uijongbu. For resonable beautiful footbridge it need to technical mind and art. The method of process for this footbridge approached in both the field of science and art. Starting with structure planning it need to cooperate both engineering and architect. To design a resonable and economical structural master piece, everyone must solve a gaps between technology and art for structural design.