• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.55-58
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• 2009

Generally, the direct sequencing through PCR is faster, easier, cheaper, and more practical than clone sequencing. Frequently, standard PCR amplification is usually interpreted by mispriming internal or external regions of the target template. Normally, DNA fragments were eluted from the gel using Gel extraction kit and subjected to direct sequencing or cloning sequencing. Cloning sequencing has often troublesome and needs more time to analyze for many samples. Since touchdown (TD) PCR can generate sufficient and highly specific amplification, it reduces unwanted amplicon generation. Accordingly, TD PCR is a good method for direct sequencing due to amplifying wanted fragment. In plants the 5S-rRNA gene is separated by simple spacers. The 5S-rRNA gene sequence is very well-conserved between plant species while the spacer is species-specific. Therefore, the sequence has been used for phylogenetic studies and species identification. But frequent occurrences of spurious bands caused by complex genomes are encountered in the product spectrum of standard PCR amplification. In conclusion, the TD PCR method can be applied easily to amplify main 5S-rRNA and direct sequencing of panax ginseng cultivars.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.793-796
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• 2015

Background: Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL) is not an uncommon hematological malignancy which primarily affects elderly individuals. It is more common in developed world than in developing countries. The rational of this study was to determine the clinico-hematological profile in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: In this prospective cross sectional study, sixty patients with CLL were enrolled from January 2011 to June 2013. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 21. Results: The mean age was $59.0{\pm}9.2years$ (range 40-82) and the male to female ratio was 2.1:1. Peak age group was 60-70 years (38.3%) and 18.3% were under 50 years old. Major complaints were weakness (51.7%), fever (18.3%) and abdominal discomfort (13.3%). Main clinical findings were splenomegaly (46.6%), lymphadenopathy (36.6%) and pallor (26.7%). Some 16.7% were diagnosed incidentally. The mean hemoglobin was $10.8{\pm}2.4g/dl$, with a total leukocyte count of $91.5{\pm}87.8{\times}10^9/l$ and platelets $197.8{\pm}103.2{\times}10^9/l$. Anemia and thrombocytopenia were seen in 26.7% and 21.7% of cases, respectively. High LDH and hyperuricemia were detected in 15% each and elevated serum creatinine was seen in 11.6%. According to Rai staging 11.6% were in stage 0, 13.3% stage 1, 26.7% each for stage II and stage III while 21.7% patients were in stage IV. Conclusions: CLL in our patients in Pakistan, unlike in the West, is seen in a relatively young population with male predominance. Primarily disease is of B-cell origin and about 2/3 of the patients present at advanced stage.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.391-398
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• 2016

하천의 합류부 구간은 본류와 지류에서 유입되는 유량의 크기가 달라 복잡한 흐름을 형성하게 되며 이러한 흐름으로 인한 국부적인 구간에서의 하상변동 및 하안침식은 하도의 평면적 변화를 야기할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 합류부 구간에서의 평면적 하도변화를 분석하기 위해 남한강과 금당천 합류부 지점을 대상으로 하상 퇴적 및 하안침식에 의한 하안선 이동을 2차원 수치모형인 CCHE2D를 활용하여 모의하였다. 모의결과, 본류의 좌안에서는 합류 전 구간에 비해 합류 후 구간에서의 하안선 이동 현상이 더 크게 발생한 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 지류에서의 하안침식은 거의 발생하지 않으며, 지류 좌안과 합류 전 본류 우안에서는 유속 저하와 퇴적으로 인해 하안선이 제외지 쪽으로 이동하는 것을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2015

Background: Adipocytes, which are the main cellular component of adipose tissue, are the building blocks of obesity. The nuclear hormone receptor $PPAR{\gamma}$ is a major regulator of adipocyte differentiation and development. Obesity, which is one of the most dangerous yet silent diseases of all time, is fast becoming a critical area of research focus. Methods: In this study, we initially aimed to investigate whether the ginsenoside Rf, a compound that is only present in Panax ginseng Meyer, interacts with $PPAR{\gamma}$ by molecular docking simulations. After we performed the docking simulation the result has been analyzed with several different software programs, including Discovery Studio, Pymol, Chimera, Ligplus, and Pose View. All of the programs identified the same mechanism of interaction between $PPAR{\gamma}$ and Rf, at the same active site. To determine the drug-like and biological activities of Rf, we calculate its absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxic (ADMET) and prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) properties. Considering the results obtained from the computational investigations, the focus was on the in vitro experiments. Results: Because the docking simulations predicted the formation of structural bonds between Rf and $PPAR{\gamma}$, we also investigated whether any evidence for these bonds could be observed at the cellular level. These experiments revealed that Rf treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes downregulated the expression levels of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and perilipin, and also decreased the amount of lipid accumulated at different doses. Conclusion: The ginsenoside Rf appears to be promising compound that could prove useful in antiobesity treatments.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.50-64
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• 2011

In this paper, a DC-coupled photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC) and ultracapacitor hybrid power system is studied for building microgrid. In this proposed system, the PV system provides electric energy to the electrolyzer to produce hydrogen for future use and transfer to the load side, if possible. Whenever the PV system cannot completely meet load demands, the FC system provides power to meet the remaining load. The main weak point of the FC system is slow dynamics, because the power slope is limited to prevent fuel starvation problems, improve performance and increase lifetime. A power management and control algorithm is proposed for the hybrid power system by taking into account the characteristics of each power source. The main works of this paper are hybridization of alternate energy sources with FC systems using long and short storage strategies to build an autonomous system with pragmatic design, and a dynamic model proposed for a PV/FC/UC bank hybrid power generation system. A simulation model for the hybrid power system has been developed using Matlab/Simulink, SimPowerSystems and Matlab/Stateflow. The system performance under the different scenarios has been verified by carrying out simulation studies using a practical load demand profile, hybrid power management and control, and real weather data.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제72권
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• pp.25-55
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• 2016

The Buyer shall demand to the Builder the repayment of the pre-delivery instalments paid in case of the Builder's default under a ship-building contract. The Buyer require a refund guarantee issued by a financial institution for a security for the repayment of the pre-delivery instalments paid. As the title of a refund guarantee, in practice, is various, we should look into the contents or the expressions in a guarantee to decide whether a guarantee is a refund guarantee. A refund guarantee, a sort of independent bank guarantee, has characteristic of abstractness, and is independent from the ship-building contract. A refund guarantee is available against the beneficiary's first written demand and signed statement certifying that the Builder failed to make the refund in accordance with the ship-building contract. The guaranteed amount of a refund guarantee will be automatically increased in accordance with the Builder's receipt of the respective instalment, which is not in the other advance payment guarantee. These characteristics of a refund guarantee are derived from the expressions in a refund guarantee rather than inherent therein. This illustrates that careful attention is required to the contents and expressions of the main clauses in a refund guarantee.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.557-570
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• 2019

In this study, a novel hierarchical approach is investigated to extract coronary vessel from X-ray angiogram. First, we propose to combine Decimation-free Directional Filter Bank (DDFB) and Homographic Filtering (HF) in order to enhance X-ray coronary angiographic image for segmentation purposes. Because the blood vessel ensures that blood flows in only one direction on vessel branch, the DDFB filter is suitable to be used to enhance the vessels at different orientations and radius. In the combination with HF filter, our method can simultaneously normalize the brightness across the image and increases contrast. Next, a coarse-to-fine strategy for iterative segmentation based on Otsu algorithm is applied to extract the main coronary vessels in different sizes. Furthermore, we also propose a new approach to segment very small vessels. Specifically, based on information of the main extracted vessels, we introduce a new method to extract junctions on the vascular tree and level of nodes on the tree. Then, the window based segmentation is applied to locate and extract the small vessels. Experimental results on our coronary X-ray angiography dataset demonstrate that the proposed approach can outperform standard method and attain the accuracy of 71.34%.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.14-14
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• 2020

In December 2019, the COVID-19 epidemic was discovered in Wuhan, China, and since has disseminated around the world impacting human health for millions. Herein, in-silico drug discovery approaches were utilized to identify potential candidates as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (M^pro) inhibitors. We investigated several databases including natural and natural-like products (>100,000 molecules), DrugBank database (10,036 drugs), major metabolites isolated from daily used spices (32 molecules), and current clinical drug candidates for the treatment of COVID-19 (18 drugs). All tested compounds were prepared and screened using molecular docking techniques. Based on the calculated docking scores, the top ones from each project under investigation were selected and subjected to molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by molecular mechanics-generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) binding energy calculations. Combined long MD simulations and MM-GBSA calculations revealed the potent compounds with prospective binding affinities against M^pro. Structural and energetic analyses over the simulated time demonstrated the high stabilities of the selected compounds. Our results showed that 4-bis([1,3]dioxolo)pyran-5-carboxamide derivatives (natural and natural-like products database), DB02388 and Cobicistat (DB09065) (DrugBank database), salvianolic acid A (spices secondary metabolites) and TMC-310911 (clinical-trial drugs database) exhibited high binding affinities with SARS-CoV-2 M^pro. In conclusion, these compounds are up-and-coming anti-COVID-19 drug candidates that warrant further detailed in vitro and in vivo experimental estimations.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.69-90
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 은행부문을 고려한 동태확률적 일반균형모형을 이용하여 경기대응완충자본규제가 경기변동에 미치는 영향과 통화신용정책과의 관계를 연구하였다. 주된 연구 결과는 다음과 같다, 첫째, 경기대응완충자본규제가 시행되어 자기자본비율이 1%p 증가할 경우 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 생산은 0.8%p 정도, 신용은 1.2%p 정도 덜 증가한다. 둘째, 통화신용정책을 통해 신용의 증가를 억제하려고 할 경우 은행자본이 감소하고 자기자본비율도 하락하게 되어 은행의 건전성이 증진되지 않는다. 셋째, 경기대응완충자본규제를 시행하면 신용이 감소할 때 은행부채도 감소하여 은행자본이 갑자기 하락하는 것을 막아 결과적으로 은행의 건전성을 증진시킬 수 있다. 다만, 은행자본이 증가하는 데는 시간이 걸리기 때문에 단기적으로는 은행의 자기자본비율이 완충자본규제가 없는 경우보다 낮아질 수 있다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2000

A two-dimensional numerical model was applied to investigate the sediment transport and sand bank formation in a macrotidal sea, the Kyunggi and Asan Bays. The tidal residual currents show quite complex pattern including counter-rotating eddies off the northwestern corner of the Dugjeok Island that reflect the promontory effect. Complex residual eddies are also present off the coast of the Taeanbando and in the Asan Bay. Net sediment transport pattern shows that sandy sediments in the Kyunggi and Asan Bays are generally transported landward from the outer sea suggesting sediment trapping inside the bays. This phenomenon may be related to the formation and maintenance of numerous sand banks in this macrotidal sea. Alternate occurrences of deposition and erosion predicted from the numerical model along the coast of the Taeanbando with strong deposition on the southwestern part of the 'Jangansatoe'(JSB), a large sand ridge off the coast of the Taeanbando appear to reflect the loose connection of JSB, The 'Joongangcheontoe', a central sand bank (CSB) with the main axis in the NW-SE direction in the Asan Bay may undergo a modification with strong deposition along the northeastern flank. These results indicate that the sand banks are actively modified and maintained by the strong tidal currents in this shallow macrotidal sea.