• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.877-890
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to present adequate modeling solutions for squat and slender RC walls. ASCE41-13 (American Society of Civil Engineers) specifies that the aspect ratios of height to width for the RC walls affect the hysteresis response. Thus, this study performed non-linear analysis subjected to cyclic loading using two different macroscopic models: one of macroscopic models represents flexural failure of RC walls (Shear Wall Element model) and the other (General Wall Element model) reflects diagonal shear failure occurring in the web of RC walls. These analytical results were compared to previous experimental studies for a slender wall (> aspect ratio of 3.0) and a squat wall (= aspect ratio of 1.0). For the slender wall, the difference between the two macroscopic models was negligible, but the squat wall was significantly affected by parameters for shear behavior in the modeling method. For accurate performance evaluation of RC buildings with squat walls, it would be reasonable to use macroscopic models that give consideration to diagonal shear.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1998년도 The Third Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium
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• pp.674-679
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• 1998

In this paepr, we proposed a new way to make a pre-pruned searching tree for GO game moves from macroscopic strategy described in linguistic expression. The strategy was a consequence of macroscopic recognition of GO game situations. The definitions of fuzzy macroscopic strategy, fuzzy tactics and tactical sequences using fuzzy set are shown and its family, so called "multi level fuzzy set". Some examples are also shown.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 1999년도 제16회 광학 및 양자전자 학술발표회Proceedings of 16th Optics and Quantum Electronics Conference, 1999
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• pp.26-27
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• 1999

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2008년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.1480-1483
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• 2008

How one can see that a nematic is indeed biaxial ? I consider some macroscopic effects in the basic biaxial cells and present results of the recent observation of the macroscopic biaxiality in the bent-core mesogens "C7" and "C12" [1,2].

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

Most existing research into the metacognitive approach in mathematics learning has been concentrated mainly in the study of phenomena of metacognitive (including the affective) behaviour in the context of mathematical problem solving or more broadly mathematical content-elated learning. However, this study originally constructs the concept of "macroscopic metacognition" which could be differentiated with general metacognition, and draws out macroscopic-metacognitive factors among the elementary and middle school students through individual interview. Questionnaire research is executed to find out how the macroscopic metacognition is included into the students' mathematics learning and the relationship between their mathematics learning accomplishment and macroscopic metacognition. Thus, a considerable degree of the positive relationship between these two variables was found out.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.243-252
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• 2018

이 연구에서는 중학교 2학년 학생들의 물질의 특성에 대한 거시적, 미시적 수준의 개념을 비교하였다. 기초 입자 개념 검사와 녹는점, 용해도, 밀도 개념에 대한 거시적, 미시적 수준의 개념 검사를 개발하여 371명의 중학생들을 대상으로 실시하였다. 학생들의 응답을 거시적 수준과 미시적 수준의 개념 이해 여부에 따라 네 가지로 범주화하고 범주별 비율과 특징을 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 거시적 수준의 개념을 이해한 학생들은 미시적 수준에서 다양한 오개념을 가지고 있는 경우가 많았다. 많은 학생들은 물질의 특성과 관련한 미시적 수준의 개념뿐 아니라 거시적 수준의 개념 이해에도 어려움을 겪었다. 거시적 수준의 개념을 이해하지 못한 학생들은 대부분 미시적 수준에서 거시적 수준의 응답과 일치하는 응답을 하지 못하였다. 기초 입자 개념 문항에 옳은 응답을 한 학생들도 물질의 특성 관련 개념을 이해하는 데 어려움을 겪었으나, 거시적 수준의 개념을 이해한 경우 미시적 수준의 개념도 함께 이해한 비율이 높았다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 물질의 특성 관련 개념의 효과적인 교수학습 및 향후 교육과정의 개선을 위한 교육적 시사점을 논의하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 2000

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare results of the macroscopic one-layer vasovasostomy with those of microscopic one-layer vasovasostomy and to analyze the change of semen parameters according to the interval of vasal obstruction. Method and Materials: Between March 1987 and December 1997, we performed 121 vasovasostomies using modified one-layer technique with loupe magnification (macroscopic vasovasostomy) or microscope. Among the 68 could be followed post-operatively, 37 patients were treated by macroscopic technique with loupe, and 31 patients by microscopic technique. We compared rates of anatomical patency (sperm count above than $10{\times}10^{6}$/ml) and pregnancy of macroscopic vasovasotomy with those of microscopic vasovasostomy. Patency and pregnancy rates according to vasal obstructive interval were also examined. Results: The patency rates of macroscopic and microscopic technique were 86.5% and 87.1%, and pregnancy rates of macroscopic and microscopic technique were 64.9% and 67.7%. There was no statistical significance between these two methods (p>0.05). The pregnancy rates and sperm motility were decreased if more than 10 years had elapsed following vasectomy (p<0.05). Conclusion: We found little difference in success rates resulting from macroscopic and microscopic vasovasostomy and the former had the advantage of reduced cost and a lower operator skill level. In post-operative semen analysis, the sperm motility was the most probable factor associated with vasal obstructive interval.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.84-90
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• 2006

목적: TNM 분류법의 임상적 분류법과 병리학적 분류법은 항상 일치하지는 않는다. 진행성 위암의 육안적 침윤정도 특히 육안적 장막침윤의 의의를 파악하고, 육안적 침윤정도와 병리학적 침윤정도의 일치율을 높일 수 있는 방안을 모색하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1995년부터 1999년까지 경북대학교병원 외과에서 진행성 위암으로 수술 받은 789명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 육안적 및 병리학적 장막침윤 여부에 따른 환자의 예후와 재발양상을 분석하고 육안적 장막침윤과 병리학적 장막침윤이 일치하지 않는 경우는 이에 영향을 주는 인자를 찾았다. 결과: 병리학적 장막침윤에 따른 예후뿐 아니라 육안적 장막침윤에 따른 예후도 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 육안적 장막침윤이 있는 경우의 42.2%와 병리학적 장막침윤이 있는 경우의 41.4%에서 재발하였으며, 복막재발의 빈도는 19.8% 및 21.9%로 비슷하였다. 육안적 장막침윤 판정의 민감도는 70.3%, 특이도는 77.0%, 양성예측도는 56,4%, 음성 예측도는 86.5%이었다 cT3/ss cancer와 cT3/se cancer와의 비교에서 원격전이 유무 및 육안적 형태에 따라서 유의한 차이를 나타내었고, 다변량 분석에서 두 변수 모두 cT3 cancer가 병리학적으로 ss cancer로 판정될 위험 인자이었다. 결론: 종양이 Borrmann I형이나 II형인 경우와 원격 전이가 없는 경우에는 육안적으로 장막침윤이 있더라도 병리학적으로는 장막침윤이 없을 가능성이 있기 때문에 주의를 요하지만, 위암의 육안적 장막침윤 여부는 환자의 생존율과 근치적 수술 후의 재발양상을 잘 반영하기 때문에 종양학적 가치가 충분하다.

• BioChip Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.280-286
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• 2018

Hydrogel scaffolds composed of multiple components are promising platform in tissue engineering as a transplantation materials or artificial organs. Here, we present a new fabrication method for implementing multi-layered macroscopic hydrogel scaffold composed of multiple components by controlling height of hydrogel layer through precise control of ultraviolet (UV) energy density. Through the repetition of the photolithography process with energy control, we can form several layers of hydrogel with different height. We characterized UV energy-dependent profiles with single-layered PEGDA posts photocrosslinked by the modular methodology and examined the optical effect on the fabrication of multi-layered, macroscopic hydrogel structure. Finally, we successfully demonstrated the potential applicability of our approach by fabricating various macroscopic hydrogel constructs composed of multiple hydrogel layers.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

This study examines a new macroscopic ferrimagnet, Co-TbN. This ferrimagnet, consisting of two metallic phases, Co and TbN, demonstrated the typical macroscopic ferrimagnet properties of a magnetic compensation point and a negative giant magnetoresistance (GMR). The Co-TbN system with 32% TbN composition showed 0.72% GMR in magnetic fields up to 8 kOe at room temperature and 9% GMR in 40 kOe at 250 K. In the Co-TbN system, GMR exhibited a different dependence on temperature from that of ordinary GMR materials whose negative magnetoresistance decreases with increasing temperature. In contrast to ordinary GMR materials whose negative magnetoresistance decreases with increasing temperature, the GMR effect in the Co-TbN system increased with increasing temperature, due to the increase of ferromagnetic alignment of the Co and TbN in the magnetic field caused by the decreased exchange coupling with increasing temperature.