• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.193-207
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• 2019

This study concerns with morphing structures, e.g. as applied in the aerospace industry. A morphing aerofoil structure capable of variable geometry was developed, which was shown to be able to cater for the different aerodynamic requirements at different stages of flight. In this work, the useful and relatively simple method has been applied, which provides a direct method for calculating required morphing shape displacements via finding the most effective bar through calculating bar sensitivity to displacement and calculating set of length actuations for bar assembly to control/adjust shape imperfection of prestressable structural assemblies including complex elements ("macro-elements", e.g., the pantographic element), involving Matrix Condensation. The technique has been verified by experiments on the physical model of an aerofoil shaped morphing pantographic structure. Overall, experimental results agree well with theoretical prediction. Furthermore, the technique of multi-iteration adjustment was presented that effective in eliminating errors that occur in the practical adjustment process itself. It has been demonstrated by the experiments on the physical model of pantographic morphing structure. Finally, the study discusses identification of the most effective bars with the objective of minimal number of actuators or minimum actuation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.99-105
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• 1993

This study determined the macro-mineral levels in plants and sheep, at different times during the year, at three farms in northern China. Samples of plants, animal tissues and faeces were collected at 5 to 8 times during the year from each site. They were analysed for calcium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium and potassium. Sodium concentrations in plants were below those recommended for optimum animal production at all sites for all or part of the year (0.01-1.66 g/kg DM). Low concentrations of sodium in faeces were measured and signs of sodium deficiency (soil ingestion) were observed on one farm. There were seasonal trends in other mineral levels in plants and animals. Plants were lowest in potassium (2.3-13.4 g/kg DM), magnesium (1.28-4.82 g/kg DM) and phosphorus (0.24-1.62 g/kg DM) in winter and spring. However, high levels of these elements were supplied in the feed supplements used at this time of the year. During the periods of rapid pasture growth, in summer and autumn, supplements of feed and salt are often not provide even though pasture concentrations of phosphorus and sodium are low. It may be at these times that sheep will be most susceptible to deficiencies of these elements.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.199-205
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• 2017

A high resolution spectroscopic observation of the red supergiant star RM_1-390 in the Large Magellanic Cloud was made from a 3.6 m telescope at the European Southern Observatory. Spectral resolving power was R=20,000, with a signal-to-noise ratio S/N > 100. We found the atmospheric parameters of RM_1-390 to be as follows: the effective temperature $T_{eff}=4,250{\pm}50K$, the surface gravity ${\log}\;g=0.16{\pm}0.1$, the microturbulent velocity $v_{micro}=2.5km/s$, the macroturbulence velocity $v_{macro}=9km/s$ and the iron abundance $[Fe/H]=-0.73{\pm}0.11$. The abundances of 18 chemical elements from silicon to thorium in the atmosphere of RM_1-390 were found using the spectrum synthesis method. The relative deficiencies of all elements are close to that of iron. The fit of abundance pattern by the solar system distribution of r- and s-element isotopes shows the importance of the s-process. The plot of relative abundances as a function of second ionization potentials of corresponding chemical elements allows us to find a possibility of convective energy transport in the photosphere of RM_1-390.

• 조명전기설비학회논문지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.8-21
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• 2015

Technology for electric lighting has been evolving from Incandescent Lamp(IL) through Fluorescent Lamp(FL) and currently to Solid State Lighting(SSL) such as LED for more than 130 years of time. However, it took more than 100 years until the transition from IL to FL across overall society. That is because the transition is the Socio-Technical Transition(STT) which involves various social elements. This study investigated and analyzed the theories regarding STT, and applied the Multi-Level Perspective(MLP) theory to the case of electric lighting. A qualitative contents analysis was used with secondary data as research method, and the analyzed result was visualized based on the frame of MLP theory. The STT of electric lighting from IL to FL took place as the order of Technical Niche, Socio-Technical Regime and Landscape. Specifically, in Technical Niche level: Establishing Market Niche, Price-Performance Improvement, Learning Process and Support of Powerful Group took place. In Socio-Technical Regime level: Changes in Social Network, Changes in Technology and Changes in Rules. In Landscape level: Macro-Political Development, Socio-Economic Trends and Macro-Economic Trends took place in consecutive order.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1509-1517
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• 1993

본 연구에서는 3차원 운동을 하는 다물체 기구가 물체 수와 조인트 연결상태 만 주어진 상태에서 구성상태에 따라 절점 좌표계를 이용하여 모델링하고 MACSYMA를 써서 복잡단조로운 대수 계산을 하여 모든 운동학적 정보를 얻어내며 수치계산이 필요 하면 별도의 프로그램을 이용 수치해석을 하는 과정을 밟는다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권12호
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• pp.1079-1084
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• 2002

Because complex insulation method is used in EHV(extra high voltage) insulation systems, macro Interfaces between two different bulk materials which affect the stability of insulation system exist inevitably. Interface between toughened epoxy and silicone rubber was selected as a interface in EHV insulation systems and tested AC interfacial breakdown properties with variation of many conditions to influence on electrical Properties, such as interfacial pressure, roughness and oil. Specimen was designed to reduce the effect of charge transport from electrode in the process of breakdown and to have the tangential electrical potential with the direction of the interface between epoxy and silicone rubber by using FEM(finite elements method). It could control the interfacial pressure, roughness and viscosity of oil. From the result of this study, it was shown that the interfacial breakdown voltage is improved by increasing interfacial Pressure and oil. In particular, the dielectric strength saturates at certain interracial Pressure level. The decreasing ratio of the interfacial breakdown voltage in non-oiled specimen was increased by the temperature rising, while oiled specimen was not affected by temperature.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.73-77
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• 2019

Hot-dip aluminized coating has been widely used to protect steel substrate against corrosion. In this study, the corrosion behavior of hot-dip aluminized type 409L (11% Cr) stainless steel (SS) was investigated using macro- and micro-scale polarization tests. An Al-Fe-Si alloy layer that was formed due to inter-diffusion of alloying elements between Al coating and SS substrate was observed between Al coating and 409L SS substrate. In both macro- and micro-scale polarization tests, the corrosion potential ($E_{corr}$) of the 409L SS substrate was much nobler than that of the Al coating and alloy layer. $E_{corr}$ of the alloy layer was between that of Al coating and 409L SS substrate. This indicates that the alloy layer can act as a buffer between the more active Al coating and the nobler SS substrate for pit growth in aluminized SS. The presence of the alloy layer appears to be helpful in hindering pitting corrosion of aluminized SS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

Objective: Minerals are one of the important nutrients for supporting the growth of sheep grazing in the highland, northwest of China. The experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship of both macro and micro minerals in sheep grazing in the highlands of six districts located in the Qilian Mountain of China. Methods: Samples of herbage (n = 240) and soil (n = 240) were collected at random in a "W" shape across the area designated for harvesting from 24 farms, where the sheep commonly graze in October (winter) for mineral analyses. In addition, serum samples were taken via jugular vein from 20 sheep per farm from 24 farms (n = 480 samples in total) for serum minerals analyses. Mean values of macro and micro minerals were statistically compared among districts and the correlations among soil-plant-animal were statistically analyzed and correlations were regressed, as well. Results: The results revealed that there were variations for both macro and micro minerals among districts. Statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients between herbage and sheep were significantly different for most of the minerals but not for P, Cu, and Se. Many correlation regression coefficients were found significantly different among minerals of herbage, soil, and sheep serum especially those of K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between herbage and sheep serum), and Fe and Mn (between herbage and soil), Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between soil and sheep serum), respectively. The regression coefficient equations derived under this experiment for prediction of Ca (R² = 0.618), K (R² = 0.803), Mg (R² = 0.767), Na (R² = 0.670), Fe (R² = 0.865),Zn (R² = 0.950), Mn (R² = 0.936), and Se (R² = 0.630), resulted in significant R² values. Conclusion: It is inferred that the winter herbage minerals in all the districts were below the recommended levels for macro minerals which indicated there would be some mineral deficiencies in sheep grazing the herbage in these regions. Supplemental minerals may therefore play an important role in balancing the minerals available from the herbage in winter and would lead to increased productivity in sheep on the highland areas of China. These findings could be potentially applied to the other regions for improving the livestock productivity.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2000

일반적으로 보에 의해서 탄성 지지된 등방성 판은 슬래브교(Slab Bridge)나 거더교(Slab on Girder Bridge)와 같은 교량의 상부구조를 형성하게 된다. 그러나 이러한 탄성 지지된 등방성 판에 대한 해석은 주로 고정 지지된 경계 조건만을 이용하여 이루어 졌으며, 근래에 제시된 해석방법에서도 판 경계의 처짐 형상을 가정하거나 하중 위치를 고정한 상태에서 정해를 유도하므로 탄성지점인 보와 판의 상호관계를 정확하게 묘사하지 못하고 있다. 또한 유한 요소법을 이용한 해석은 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있는 반면, 많은 해석시간을 요하는 문제점을 안고 있다. 따라서,. 본 연구에서는 조화해석법을 적용하여 보와 등방성 판의 매크로 요소(Macro Element)의 변위 함수를 구성하고, 이를 판의 탄성 지점에서의 평형방정식을 이용해 계산함으로써 단시간 내에 전체 시스템의 응답을 결정할 수 있는 해석법을 개발하고 이를 프로그램화하였다. 또한, 본 해석법의 타당성을 검증하기 위해서 다양한 하중 조건과 판의 형상비, 탄성 지점 조건 등을 가진 교량 바닥판에 대한 해석을 수행하였으며, 해석법의 단순성 과 해석시간의 단축으로 교량 바닥판과 거더에 대한 매개변수 분석 등에 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.64-88
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• 2010

최근 급증하고 있는 초국적 이주는 세계적 차원의 지구-지방화 과정 및 교통통신기술의 발달과 더불어 지역불균등 발전에 따른 출신 국가 및 지역과 목적 국가 및 지역의 사회공간적 특성과 이들 간 관계 등의 거시적 배경 하에서 이루어진다. 이를 고찰하기 위해, 다문화공간의 개념과 이에 함의된 장소, 영역, 네트워크, 스케일과 이에 더하여 공간적 흐름과 공간적 차이 등이 강조될 수 있다. 이러한 개념들에 바탕을 두고 외국인 이주자들이 인지하는 거시적 배경에 관한 설문조사 분석 결과, 첫째 대부분의 외국인 이주자들은 국가 간 경제발전 수준의 차이, 교통 및 정보통신기술의 발달, 상품과 자본의 지구적 이동, 그리고 국제이주의 일반화 경향 등을 상당히 높게 인지하고 있었다. 둘째, 4가지 이주 유형들 가운데 이주노동자가 본국의 경제적, 사회적 여건에 대해 상대적으로 가장 부정적으로 인지하는 반면, 전문직 이주자들은 그렇지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 결혼이주자와 이주노동자는 농어촌 거주비율이 높은 반면, 전문직 이주자와 외국인 유학생들은 대도시 및 중도시 거주비율이 높지만, 모든 유형의 이주자들의 출신 지역들(단 일본과 같은 일부 국가를 제외하고)에서는 국제 이주를 상당히 긍정적으로 인식하는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 모든 유형의 이주자들은 이주 전 이주 목적국으로서 한국에 대해 대체로 낮은 인지수준을 보였다.