• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.100-108
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• 2010

Objectives: "Internet-addiction" came into common use not only in clinical setting but also in everyday life. But, pathophysiology and diagnostic criteria of the internet addiction remain unknown. Because adolescents are in developing period, they might be vulnerable to the internet addiction, depression and sleep-related problem. The objectives of this study were to investigate the characteristics of internet addiction and its association with sleep pattern and depression in Korean adolescence. Methods: Subjects were 799 middle and high school students in Seoul, Korea. We administered a self-reported questionnaire including socio-demographic data, Korean versions of Young's Internet Addiction Scale (YIAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PS-QI), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale (CES-D) and questions about internet using patterns. Data of 696 subjects were included in analysis. Chi-square tests were used to analyze proportional differences, and ANOVA with post-hoc tests were used to analyze differences among groups. Partial correlation analyses were performed to analyze the correlation of internet addiction with other variables (two-tailed, p<0.05). Results: Of the 696 participants (grade 2 of middle school; M2 135 vs. grade 1 of high school; H1 238 vs. grade 2 of high school; H2 323), 2.0% (n=14) were internet-addicted (IA), 27.7% (n=193) were over-using (OU) and 70.3% (n=489) were not-addicted (NA). The mean scores of YIAS, PSQI and CES-D scores were 35.24${\pm}$12.78, 5.53${\pm}$3.04 and 16.72${\pm}$8.69, respectively. In higher grade students, average total sleep time was shorter (M2 426.20${\pm}$67.68 min. vs. H1 380.47${\pm}$62.57 min. vs. H2 354.67${\pm}$73.37 min., F=51.909, p<0.001), and PSQI (4.69${\pm}$3.14 vs. 5.42${\pm}$3.15 vs. 5.97${\pm}$2.83, F=8.871, p<0.001) CES-D (13.53${\pm}$8.37 vs. 16.96${\pm}$8.24 vs. 17.87${\pm}$8.84, F=12.373, p<0.001) scores were higher than those of lower grade students. Comparing variables among IA, OU and NA groups, computer using time not for study (96.36${\pm}$63.31 min. vs. 134.92${\pm}$86.79 min. vs. 213.57${\pm}$136.87 min., F=34.287, p<0.001) and portable device using time not for study (84.22${\pm}$79.11 min. vs. 96.97${\pm}$91.89 min. vs. 152.31${\pm}$93.64 min., F= 5.400, p=0.005) were different among groups. PSQI (5.26${\pm}$2.97 vs. 6.08${\pm}$2.97 vs. 7.50${\pm}$4.41, F=8.218, p<0.001) and CES-D scores (15.40${\pm}$8.08 vs. 19.05${\pm}$8.42 vs. 30.43${\pm}$13.69, F=32.692, p<0.001) were also different among groups. YIAS score were correlated with computer using time not for study (r=0.356, p<0.001) and portable device using time not for study (r= 0.136, p<0.001). PSQI score (r=0.237, p<0.001) and CES-D score (r=0.332, p<0.001). YIAS score and PSQI score (r=0.131, p= 0.001), YIAS and CES-D score (r=0.265, p<0.001), PSQI score and CES-D score (r=0.357, p<0.001) were correlated each other. Conclusion: These results suggested that adolescents' internet-addiction was correlated with not only computer and portable device using time not for study but also depression and sleep-related problems. We should pay attention to depression and sleep-related problems, when evaluating internet-addiction in adolescents.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.308-322
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• 1996

Background : Neutrophils are considered to play critical roles in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Histamine, which is distributed abundantly in lung tissue, increases the rolling of neutrophills via increase of P-selectin expression on the surface of endothelial cells and is known to have some interrelationships with IL-1, IL-8 and TNF-$\alpha$. We studied to investigate the effect of the histamine on the acute lung injury of the rats induced by intratracheal insufflation of TNF-$\alpha$ which has less potency to cause lung injury compared to IL-1 in rats. Methods : We intratracheally instilled saline or TNF(R&D, 500ng), IL-1(R&D, 50ng)or histamine of varius dose(1.1, 11 and $55\;{\mu}g/kg$) with and without TNF separately in Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 270-370 grams. We also intratracheally treated IL-1(50ng) along with histamine($55\;{\mu}g/kg$). In cases, there were synergistic effects induced by histamine on the parameters of TNF-induced acute lung injury, antihistamines(Sigma, mepyramine as a $H_1$ receptor blockade and ranitidine as a $H_2$ receptor blockade, 10 mg/kg in each)were co-administered intravenously to the rats treated TNF along with histamine($1.1\;{\mu}g/kg$) intratraeheally. Then after 5 h we measured lung lavage neutrophil numbers, lavage cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractants(CINC), lung myeloperoxidase activity(MPO) and lung leak. We also intratracheally insufflated TNF with/without histamine($11\;{\mu}g/kg$), then after 24 h measured lung leak in rats. Statistical analyses were done by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric ANOVA test with Dunn's multiple comparison test or by Mann-Whitney U test. Results : We found that rats given TNF, histamine alone(11 and $55\;{\mu}g/kg$), and TNF with histamine(l.1, 11, and $55\;{\mu}g/kg$) intratracheally had increased (p<0.05) lung MPO activity compared with saline-treated control rats. TNF with histamine $11\;{\mu}g/kg$ had increased MPO activity (P=0.0251) compared with TNF-treated rats. TNF and TNF with histamine(1.1, 11, and $55\;{\mu}g/kg$) intratracheally had all increased (p<0.05) lung leak, lavage neutophil numbers and lavage CINC activities compared with saline. TNF with histamine $1.1\;{\mu}g/kg$ had increased (p=0.0367) lavage neutrophil numbers compared with TNF treated rats. But there were no additive effect of histamine with TNF compared with TNF alone in acute lung leak on 5 h and 24 h in rats. Treatment of rats with the $H_1$ and $H_2$ antagonists resulted in inhibitions of lavage neutrophil accumulations and lavage CINC activity elevations elicited by co-treated histamine in TNF-induced acute lung injury intratracheally in rats. We also found that rats given IL-1 along with histamine intratracheally did not have increase in lung leak compared with IL-1 treated rats. Conclusion : Histamine administered intratracheally did not have synergistic effects on TNF-induced acute lung leak inspite of additive effects on increase in MPO activity and lavage neutrophil numbers in rats. These observations suggest that instilling histamine intratracheally would not play synergistic roles in neutrophil-mediated acute lung injury in rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 1983

Mushroom, Lentinus edodes which had been dried at $50^{\circ}C$ for 20 hours were extracted with small amount of ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether, respectively. The extracts were then dissolved in edible soybean oil, and the resulting substrates and a portion of the soybean oil (control) were placed in an incubator $(37.0{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C)$ for eight weeks. Peroxide values and TBA values of control and the substrates were determined regularly during the storage period. The results of the present study were as follows: 1. The moisture contents of the mushroom which was 84.88% on wet basis at the time of harvest were reduced to 15.12% after drying. 2. Extracts obtained from alcohols were effective in retarding the POV development. 3. There was not much difference among the TBA values after 14 days, but significant difference of the TBA values in control and the substrates extracts were observed in longer storage period TBA values of substrate containing ethanol and methanol in the later stage period were smaller than that of the substrates containing petroleum ether and chloroform. 4. In view of the POV and TBA value development, ethanol and methanol were more effective solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds in the dried mushroom than chloroform and petroleum ether.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.281-291
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• 2006

The aim of this study was performed the clinical test using Netspeg lens for good visual acuity on subjects with abnormal refraction status. The subjects of one hundreds adults (fifty males, fifty females, mean=21 years, range=19 to 24) were recorded. The subjects were researched the history including the systemic health, medication, genetics, allergy, systemic disease and ocular disease. The refraction test was recorded the monocular and binocular using objective method. Visual acuity was performed the binocular status using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Stereopsis test was performed the titmus fly and TNO at near distance using Netspeg lens and CR-39. The P-VEP test was used the 16 pattern size(Bausch Lomb, production in USA) with three channels. Also Subjects viewed the p-vep stimulus with binocular vision through the corrected visual acuity using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The contrast sensitivity test was performed the contrast sensitivity chart(pelli-Robertson, USA) at 1m distance using the Netspeg lens and CR-39. The ultrastructure of surface on the Netspeg lens and CR-39 was observed the SEM(JMS-5800, made in Japan). The results of this study was as follows: 1. In corrected visual acuity of abnormal refraction using the Netspeg lens and CR-39, the Netspeg lens wearer were acquired the good visual field and clear visual acuity comparative to CR-39 wearer in the subject vision test. however the comfort of visual acuity was similar results in the Netspeg lens and CR-39. Also the subjects of Netspeg lens wearer was good visual acuity more than CR-39 wearer and in the analysis of P-VEP, the amplitude of wave on Netspeg lens used appears to be better through the CR-39(p>0.5). Besides, on the contrast sensitivity, the Netspeg lens wearer was good results than CR-39. The value on stereopsis with TNO by Netspeg lens wearer was better than CR-39 in results. However, in the stereopsis test with Titmus, the Netspeg lens and CR-39 wearer was similar results. 2. The ultrastructure of Netspeg lens surface was the smooth and fine shape more than CR-39. Also, Netspeg lens have a fine line structure in ultrastructure. In conclusion, the results of this study conformed that the surface ultrastructure of Netspeg lens used is more specific pin hole design structure than CR-39. This study indicated that the vision of Netspeg lens used have a better than CR-39 in the corrected visual acuity for abnormal refraction eye. Therefore, In this paper, we suggested that the ultrastructure and line structure of Netspeg lens was related to good visual function. However the visual function of the aspheric Netspeg and ultra waterproof Netspeg lens was similar results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1234-1240
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• 2015

Taraxacum coreanum Nakai is a wild medicinal plant commonly consumed in Korea due to its health beneficial effects. In the present study, the contents of polyphenolics and flavonoids as well as antioxidative and anticancer activities of water extracts from different parts of T. coreanum Nakai were investigated for their use as functional foods. Extract yields of flower, leaf, and root were 30.25%, 34.53%, and 66.25%, respectively. Total polyphenols and total flavonoids contents of flower extract were 50.54 mg/g and 35.26 mg/g, respectively, which were much higher than any other parts. The electron donating abilities of flower, leaf, and root extracts were 91.04%, 88.22%, and 38.58%, respectively, at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Cell viability of AGS for human gastric carcinoma, HCT-116 for human colon carcinoma, and A-549 for human pulmonary carcinoma showed the lowest values in flower extracts (40.34%, 39.56%, and 17.52%, respectively), indicating the highest cytotoxicity at a concentration of 400 mg/kg. Both antioxidative and anticancer activities of water extracts from all T. coreanum Nakai parts dose-dependently increased. These results provide preliminary data for the development of T. coreanum Nakai as an edible functional food material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.1186-1193
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the changes in monacolin K content and antioxidant activities of Monascus-fermented brown rice with different germination temperatures and periods. Brown rice was germinated at 32, 35 and $37^{\circ}C$ for 1~4 days, after white rice (WB), brown rice (BR), and germinated brown rice (GBR) were fermented with M. pilosus 305-9 at $30^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. The redness, yellowness and Monascus pigments increased after germination. Total monacolin K content increased from 215.85 mg/kg of BR to 1,263.04 mg/kg of GBR ($32^{\circ}C$/1 day), whereas monacolin K content decreased with increase in germination period. Citrinin was not detected in any of the samples. Total polyphenol (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) increased with increase in germination temperature and period, whereas electron donating ability (EDA) and total antioxidant activities (TAA) decreased due to reduction of Monascus pigment content. The TPC and TFC showed the highest values (13.80 mg/g and 1.30 mg/g, respectively) in GBR ($37^{\circ}C$/4 day), whereas EDA and TAA showed the highest values (22.16 mg Trolox equivalent/g and 62.27 mg ascorbic acid equivalent/g, respectively) in GBR ($32^{\circ}C$/1 day). These results indicated that the optimal germination temperature and period for increasing monacolin K content and antioxidant activities was found to be at $32^{\circ}C$ for 1 day. In addition, it was found that M. pilosus 305-9 was a useful strain for increasing monacolin K content without producing citrinin in functional foods and pharmaceutical industrial regions.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.251-258
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• 2020

Single crystal of fully dehydrated and partially Ca²⁺-exchanged zeolites A (|Ca₄Na₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA) was brought into contact with Se in fine pyrex capillary at 523 K for 5 days. Crystal structure of Se-sorbed |Ca₄Na₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques at 294 K in the cubic space group $Pm{\bar{3}}m$ (a = 12.2787(13) Å). The crystal structure of yellow |Ca₄Na₄Se₄|[Si₁₂Al₁₂O₄₈]-LTA has been refined to the final error indices of R₁/wR₂ = 0.0960/0.3483 with 327 reflections for which F_o > 4s(F_o). In this structure, 4 Na⁺ and 4 Ca²⁺ ions fill every 6-ring site: These ions are all found at three crystallographic positions, on 3-fold axes equipoints of opposite 6-rings. Selenium atoms are found at three crystallographically distinct positions: 2 Se atoms per unit cell at Se(1) are located opposite 6-rings in the sodalite cavity (Se(1)-Na(1) = 2.53(5) Å) and 1 at Se(2) opposite 4-rings (Se(2)-O(1) = 2.76(10) Å) and 1 at Se(3) opposite 6-rings in the large cavity (Se(3)-Na(1) = 2.48(5) Å). Two molecular of Se₂ (Se(1)-Se(1) = 2.37(7) or 2.90(8) Å and Se(2)-Se(3) = 2.91(5) ) Å) are found in all sodalite cavity and large cavity. Other clusters such as Se₄ and Se₈ could be existed in large cavity. The inter-selenium distances turned out to be longer that of gases Se₂ molecule.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.1 s.102
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• pp.93-107
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• 2004

Enlow's counterpart analysis explains the complex with anatomic and developmental characteristics where craniofacial aspect of Individuals has been developed. Counterpart analysis does not compare individual measurement with the normal value from the average of majority but analyzes by comparison of values that each individual has. In this study we examined surgical changes in skeletal Class III malocclusion patients(male 40, female 40) and compared them with normal occlusion patients using counterpart analysis. The results indicated that : 1. Skeletal anterior-posterior discrepancy was relieved by shortening of the ramus width(B3). 2. The ramus alignment(R3, R4) was displaced posteriorly and the occlusal plane angle(R5) was rotated clockwise. 3. Skeletal Class III pattern was relieved in the post-operative group, but differences in the level of the cranium(R1, R2) was remaining compared to the normal occlusion patients. 4. In the comparison of surgery methods, the two-jaw surgery group presented changes In the maxillary length(A4), ramus alignment(R3, R4) and occlusal plane angle(R5) compared to the one-jaw surgery group, but the differences were not significant. In the past study about Korean skeletal Class m patients, the skeletal characteristics are upward backward rotation of the cranial base, posterior displacement of the maxilla, forward inclination of the ramus and lengthening of the mandibular body, but in this study, skeletal Class m pattern was relieved by shortening of the ramus width and maxillary advancement by orthognathic surgery, because orthognathic surgery is usually performed on limited areas in the maxilla and the mandible.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2015

We evaluated the effectiveness of TL (Time Limit) method by comparing with NTL (Non-time limit) method when it is used for examinations for abdomen Anterior Posterior (AP) in this paper. The evaluation was conducted based on the comparison of dose, and of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to ratio (CNR) on both methods. The experiments were conducted with XGEO GC 80 (Samsung, Korea), Unfors ThinX RAD (Unfors, Sweden) and Rando Phantom (Alderson research laboratories, USA) and shielding material with the size of $5.5{\times}9{\times}0.1cm^3$. It was set to activate only two upper ionization chambers in automatic exposure control(AEC) mode and the tube-voltage was set to 80kVp. When the exposure time was limited, it is limited to 51 msec. The images both by NTL AEC method and TL AEC method were acquired when with and without attachment of shielding material on the upper ionization chambers. The images were evaluated by SNR and CNR which are the image evaluation methods using 'Image J'. The NTL AEC method showed increases in dose as much as 130.7% at maximum and 80% at minimum than other methods. The TL AEC method showed decreases in mAs and exposure dose than the NTL AEC method as much as 43.8% and 44.4% respectively. There were no significant differences in SNR or CNR for the experiments (($p{\geq}0.05$). Therefore, it is suggested that the TLAEC mode is more effective when examining patients who have high BMI index or a patient with a metallic substance in the body after surgery.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2003

The preparation method of a soluble dietary fiber from oak wood (Quercus mongolica) and the effect of the soluble dietary fiber on physiological function in rat fed high cholesterol diets was investigated. The best condition for steam explosion method was 25 kgf/㎤ pressure for 6 min. The exploded samples were delignified by the filtration treatment with 1% NaOH for several times, which is the best condition. The enzymatic hydrolysis of Cellusoft cellulase was more effective than Onozuka R-10 cellulase. The manufactured soluble dietary fiber was assayed using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and it was dissolved in water. Average molecular weight distribution of manufactured soluble dietary fiber was about 348-1,200 and it was assumed the oligomer form fraction. In order to compare the manufactured soluble dietary fiber with commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin) on the physiological function, Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to one normal diet and five high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol. The high cholesterol diet groups were classified to fiber free diet (FF group), 5% pectin (5P group), 10% pectin (l0P group), 5% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (5M group) and 10% manufactured soluble dietary fiber (10M group). Body weight gains in all soluble dietary fiber groups were lower than FF group. Food intakes were increased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of FF group. Food efficiency ratio (FER) was significantly decreased in all soluble dietary fiber groups than that of the FF group, and it was especially was highest in 10% supplemented soluble dietary fiber group. The weight of liver of the soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were lower than those of the FF group, but weights of cecum and small intestine of all supplemented soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly increased, compared with that of FF group. The weights and water contents in feces were significantly increased by the soluble dietary fiber. The activity of the glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in soluble dietary fiber groups were significantly decreased than those of FF group. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity in all soluble dietary fiber supplemented groups were higher than that of FF group. The physiological effects of the manufactured soluble dietary fiber are the same as the commercial soluble dietary fiber (pectin). The preparation method of the soluble dietary fiber from the oak chips suited to its purpose. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1) : 9~17, 2003)