• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.546-551
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• 1994

금치료는 류마티스 관절염에서 고식적인 치료에 반응하지 않는 경우 유용하게 사용되고 있고, 드물게 금제에 의한 과민성 폐렴을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 저자등은 6년간 혈청반응검사 양성 류마티스 관절염을 앓아 왔던 26세 여자환자에서 Gold sodium thiomalate 300 mg을 사용후 발생원 과민성 폐렴 1예를 림프구 자극 시험으로 확인하여 문헌고찰과 함께 보고한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1145-1149
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• 2004

Immunomodulatory feed additives might offer alternatives to antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry production. This experiment was carried out to test the effect of $\beta$-glucan supplementation on the growth performance and immune response in broilers. Total of 160 day-old broilers were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups fed corn-soybean diets containing 0, 0.012, 0.025 or 0.05% of $\beta$-glucan supplement in a 6 week feeding experiment. Growth performance, antibody titer against New Castle vaccine, lymphocyte blastogensis, and peritoneal macrophage chemotaxis activity of broilers were evaluated. Results showed that there were no significant differences in weight gain and feed efficiency among the treatments, and no differences in antibody titer was observed. Supplementation of $\beta$-glucan did not elevate the lymphocyte blastogensis among treatments, following stimulation with different mitogens. However, supplementation with 0.025 and 0.05% $\beta$-glucan enhanced the macrophage chemotaxis activity of broilers. These results suggest that $\beta$-glucan may enhance some cell-mediated immune responses of chickens by modulate macrophages ability.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.93-96
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• 2004

혈중 항원 특이적 IgE 검사와 피내시험으로 집먼지 진드기 (house dust mites, HDM)에 양성 반응을 보인 20두의 아토피성 피부염으로 진단된 개를 대상으로, 말초혈단핵구 (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, PBMC)를 채취하여 HDM항원에 대한 반응을 검토하였다. PBMC를 분리하여 HDM항원으로 자극한 결과 20두 중 13두 (65%)에서 항원 특이적이 림프구의 증식반응을 확인할 수 있었다. HDM 항원에 증식반응은 아토피성 피부염군에서 대조군에 비해 유의적으로 높은 반응이 확인되었다 (P=0.007). 또한, HDM에 대한 반응은 혈중의 IgE 농도와 유의적으로 상관관계를 나타내었으며 (P=0.035), 이는 체내에서 항원 특이적인 IgE의 생산을 촉진하는 작용을 반영하는 지표가 될 수 있다고 생각되었다. 이러한 결과로, 말초혈액중에 존재하는 HDM 항원 특이적인 림프구는 개의 아토피성 피부염의 병태생리에 관여하고 있는 것으로 시사되었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.19-24
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how norepinephrine affects immunity in patients over age 65. Methods: We enrolled 25 male and female subjects age 65 or older. A low frequency electroacupuncture (EA) device was used to stimulate acupoint Hogu (L14). The 2 Hz frequency EA was applied to the acupoint for 20 minutes. Leukocyte subtypes-including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophil-were then measured. The immunoglobulins IgG and IgM were also quantified. The data were finally analyzed using Wilcoxon singed-rank test and regression test as part of the SPSS WIN v. 10.1 program. Results: As norepinephrine levels decreased after EA stimulation, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte levels increased, and eosinophil and neutrophils levels decreased. Neutrophil and monocyte levels did not change to a statistically significant degree, but eosinophil levels showed a statistically significant decrease (p<0.05). Immunoglobulin IgG showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that norepinephrine does affect immunity in persons over the age of 65. This indicates that there is an interaction between the nervous system and the immune system, and interaction that plays a crucial roles in the body's immune resistance and homeostasis.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2005

Background: The anti-tumor therapeutic effect of autologous tumor cell lysate pulseddendritic cells (DCs) was studied for non-immunogenic and immune suppressive lung cancer model. To test the possibility as an adjuvant therapy, minimal residual disease model was considered in mouse in vivo experiments. Methods: Syngeneic 3LL lung cancer cells were inoculated intravenously into the C57BL/6 mouse. Autologous tumor cell (3LL) or allogeneic leukemia cell (WEHI-3) lysate pulsed-DCs were injected twice in two weeks. Intraperitoneal DC injection was started one day (MRD model) after tumor cell inoculation. Two weeks after the final DC injection, tumor formation in the lung and the tumor-specific systemic immunity were observed. Tumor-specific lymphocyte proliferation and the IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion were analyzed for the immune monitoring. Therapeutic DCs were cultured from the bone marrow myeloid lineage cells with GM-CSF and IL-4 for 7 days and pulsed with tumor cell lysate for 18 hrs. Results: Compared to the saline treated group, tumor formation was suppressed in 3LL tumor cell lysate pulsed-DC treated group, while 3LL-specific immune stimulation was minimum. WEHI-3-specific immune stimulation occurred in WEHI-3 lysate-pulsed DC treated group, which had no correlation with tumor regression. Conclusion: The data suggest the possible anti-tumor effect of cultured DCs as an adjuvant therapy for minimal residual disease state of lung cancer. The significance of immune modulation in DC therapy including the possible involvement of NK cell as well as antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell activity induction was discussed.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1983

To investigate the effects of placental serum to in vitro culture of the normal human lymphocytes the peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by ficoll-hypaque separation method in 20 healthy human adults. The blast transformation respone of lymphocytes to mitogens were observed by stimulation with PHA($25{\mu}g/ml$) and Con A($25{\mu}g/ml$) using RPMI 1640 media containing 20% placental serum(PS), tetal calf serum(FCS), or humans AB serum(AB). And one-way mixed lymphocyte culture test was performed between these unrelated person compounded into stimulators and responders to investigate the effect of placental serum. The following results were obtained. 1. In 20 experimental cases, these were no significant diffenence between FCS, AB, and PS in untreated control cultures. 2. In PHA-treated cultures, whereas the blast transformation rate of the FCS groups and AB groups were $40.8{\pm}4.3%$ and $44.6{\pm}4.3%$ respectively, that of PS groups were $21.7{\pm}3.4%$, Similar results were obtained in Con A-meated cultures. Therefore, placental serum inhibited the mitogenic response of lymphocytes significantly. 3. In MLC tests, stimulation index of the FCS groups and AB groups were $18.5{\pm}3.5$ and $20.1{\pm}3.3$ respectively. But placental serum inhibited MLC response of lymphocytes significantly($7.4{\pm}1.9$).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2015

Purpose: Mefenamic acid (MEF) as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug is used as a medication for relieving of pain and inflammation. Radiation-induced inflammation process is involved in DNA damage and cell death. In this study, the radioprotective effect of MEF was investigated against genotoxicity induced by ionizing radiation in human blood lymphocytes. Materials and Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected from human volunteers and incubated with MEF at different concentrations (5, 10, 50, or $100{\mu}M$) for two hours. The whole blood was exposed to ionizing radiation at a dose 1.5 Gy. Lymphocytes were cultured with mitogenic stimulation to determine the micronuclei in cytokinesis blocked binucleated lymphocyte. Results: A significant decreasing in the frequency of micronuclei was observed in human lymphocytes irradiated with MEF as compared to irradiated lymphocytes without MEF. The maximum decreasing in frequency of micronuclei was observed at $100{\mu}M$ of MEF (38% decrease), providing maximal protection against ionizing radiation. Conclusion: The radioprotective effect of MEF is probably related to anti-inflammatory property of MEF on human lymphocytes.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.133-144
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of ginseng administration on T lymphocyte induced local xenogenic graft-versus-host(GVM) reactions which were induced with thymocyte, spleen cell and lymph node cell of ICR mice. Mice received daily 10mg of 70% alcohol ginseng extract oral1y for 100days and control mice remained untreated for the same period of time. The cells from donor mice were injected intradermally into the closely shaven abdominal skin of Sprague-Dawley rats for GVH tests. The thymocyte from control(ginseng-untreated) mice showed a negative local GVH reaction, whereas thymocyte from experimental(ginseng-treated) mice showed a positive reaction with the rate of 17.4%. When spleen cells were injected, the incidence of positive local GVH reaction was 66.7% among ginseng-treated mice, as opposed to incidence of 45.5% of positive local GVH reaction among control mice. The incidence of positive local GVH reaction of the lymph node cells when injected into a recipient was 71.4% among ginseng-treated mice as compared with that of 18.9% among control mice. The relationship between spleen cell inoculum and intensity of the local GVH reaction was assessed in ginseng-untreated mice. The intensity of GVH reaction clearly appears to be dose related. In ginseng-treated mice, a minimum of $1{\times}10^7$ spleen cell was required for production of positive local GVH reaction with almost linear relationship up to an inoculum of $5{\times}10^8$ cells. In control mice, however, a minimum of $1{\times}10^8$ spleen cells was required for positive GVH reaction. These results strongly suggest that the ginseng administration augments significantly the local xenogenic GVH reaction which was used to assess T lymphocyte function and immunocompetence of mice and in addition to this, these results appear to support previous suggestions that the local GVH reaction consitutes a qualitative test of the functional activity of T lymphocytes. These results may be the first to induce local GVH reaction, employing rats as recipient and mice as donor. This study was also desingned to investigate some of the effects of ginseng extract on lymphocyte-macrophage interactions. This was accomplished by in vitro quantification of 1) migratory inhibitory factor(MIF) synthetic capacity of splenic lymphocytes in mice previously primed with ginseng 2) MIF responsiveness of mouse peritoneal macrophages or chicken peripheral leucocytes under the presence of ginseng extract 3) migration ability of chicken peripheral leucocytes by direct stimulation of ginseng extract or ginseng saponin and 4) immunosuppressive effects of immunosuppressants such as cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A or dexamethasone. Mice divided equally into the ginseng and the saline groups, which received intraperitoneally daily 0.2ml of ginseng absolute alcohol-extract(5mg/ml) and same amount of saline for 15 days, respectively. The cellular immune responsiveness of these mice was assayed 15 days after ginseng pretreatment. Splenic lymphocytes of mice treated with ginseng, when stimulated with sensitized specific-antigen such as sheep red blood cells or toxoplasmin, or with polyclonal activator concanavalin A, produced significantly more MIF than those of control saline group. MIF responsiveness of normal mouse macrophages was significantly augmented when assayed under the presence of ginseng extract (1mg/ml). The migratory ability of normal chicken leucocytes in the absence of MIF was significantly decreased by the stimulation of ginseng extract alone. MIF response was significantly decreased by immunosuppressants and this impaired response was not restored by ginseng pretreatment. This study was additionally performed to evaluate the effect of ginseng on the expulsion of adult Trichinella spiralis in mice. ICR mice were infected experimentally by esophageal incubation of 300 T. spiralis infective muscle larvae prepared by acid-pepsin digestion of infected mice. and received oral administration of 70% alcohol ginseng extract(10mg/mouse/day) for the indicated days plus 4 days before infection. At various times after infection, the number of adult T. spiralis worms in small intestines was determined. Interestingly, ginseng-treatment was accompanied by accelerated expulson of T. spiralis. These results led to the conclusion that Panax ginseng caused some enhancing effect on GVH reaction, macrophage migration inhibition reaction and expulsion of T. spiralis. In addition these results suggested that the mechanisms responsible for this enhancement of ginseng may be chiefly or partially due to nonspecific stimulation of cell-mediated immune response.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.62-72
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• 1992

연구배경 : 결핵의 감염에서는 세포성면역이 중요하며 그 중에서도 T림프구가 중요한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있고 조력 T림프구와 억제 T림프구의 기능의 불균형이 결핵의 발병에 있어 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 생각되고 있다. 동일한 결핵균의 감염시 일부 환자에서는 결핵의 병변이 폐에 국한되는 반면, 일부의 환자들에서는 폐의 결핵병변의 유무와 관계없이 폐외장기의 결핵이 발생되고 이러한 폐외결핵의 경우 항결핵화학요법에 잘 반응하지 않는 경우를 종종 경험할 수 있을뿐만 아니라 그 유병율의 감소도 폐결핵의 경우와는 달리 현저하지 못하여 폐결핵환자와 페외결핵환자군간의 면역기능의 차이가 의심된다. 방법 : 폐결핵환자와 폐외결핵환자군에서의 T림프구 매개성 세포성면역기능의 차이와 면역기능의 생체내검사와 생체외검사의 상관성을 규명하고자 T림프구 및 아형의 수적변화를 유세포분석법(flow cytometry)을 이용하여 측정하였고 PPD피부반응검사 및 림프아구형성을 측정하여 비교하였다. 결과 : 1) 총 림프구수는 결핵환자군에서 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소되어 있었으나 페결핵환자군과 폐외결핵환자군간의 차이는 없었다. 2) PPD 피부반응검사와 백혈구수는 3군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 3) $T_3$, $T_4$, $T_8$(+)인 세포의 백분율과 절대수는 3군간에 유의한 차이가 없었으며 $T_4/T_8$의 비도 3군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 4) HLA-DR(+)인 세포의 백분율과 절대수는 대조군에 비하여 결핵환자군에서 유의하게 증가되어 있었으며 $IL_2$ 수용체(+)인 세포의 백분율과 절대수도 결핵환자군에서 유의하게 증가되어 있었으나 폐결핵환자군과 폐외결핵환자군에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 5) Concanavalin-A, Phytohemagglutinin 및 PPD 자극에 대한 림프아구형성은 3군간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 6) $T_4$(+)인 림프구의 백분율 및 절대수와 PPD 피부반응검사의 크기사이에는 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 결론 : 이상의 결과에서 폐결핵환자와 페외결핵환자군간에 T림프구성 매개성 세포성면역기능의 변화를 발견할 수 없었다. 그러나 본 연구만으로 세포성 면역기능의 차이를 모두 관찰하였다고 할 수는 없기 때문에 이에 대하여는 추후 연구가 필요하리라고 사료된다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2002

Background: Viral antigens presented on the cell surface in association with MHC class I molecules are recognized by CD8+ T cells. MHC restricted peptides are important in eliciting cellular immune responses. As peptide antigens have a weak immunigenicity, pH-sensitive liposomes were used for peptide delivery to induce effective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. In the previous study, as the HBx peptides could induce specific CTLs in vitro, we tested whether the HLA-A2/$K^b$ transgenic mice that were immunized by HBx-derived peptides could be protected from a viral challenge. Methods: HBx-peptides encapsulated by pH-sensitive liposomes were prepared. $A2K^b$ transgenic mice were immunized i.m. on days one and seven with the indicated concentrations of liposome-encapsulated peptides. Three weeks later, mice were infected with $1{\times}10^7pfu$/head of recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV)-HBx via i.p. administration. The ovaries were extracted from the mice, and the presence of rVV-HBx in the ovaries was analyzed using human TK-143B cells. IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion by these cells was directly assessed using a peptide-pulsed target cell stimulation assay with either peptide-pulsed antigen presenting cells (APCs), concanavalin A ($2{\mu}g/ml$), or a vehicle. To generate peptide-specific CTLs, splenocytes obtained from the immunized mice were stimulated with $20{\mu}g/ml$ of each peptide and restimulated with peptide-pulsed APC four times. The cytotoxic activity of the CTLs was assessed by standard $^{51}Cr$-release assay and intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ assay. Results: Immunization of these peptides as a mixture in pH-sensitive liposomes to transgenic mice induced a good protective effect from a viral challenge by inducing the peptide-specific CD8+ T cells. Mice immunized with $50{\mu}g/head$ were much better protected against viral challenge compared to those immunized with $5{\mu}g$/head, whereas the mice immunized with empty liposomes were not protected at all. After in vitro CTL culture by peptide stimulation, however, specific cytotoxicity was much higher in the CTLs from mice immunized with $5{\mu}g/head$ than $50{\mu}g/head$ group. Increase of the number of cells that intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ secreting cell among CD8+ T cells showed similar result. Conclusion: Mice immunized with XEPs within pH-sensitive liposome were protected against viral challenge. The protective effect depended on the amount of antigen used during immunization. XEP-3-specific CTLs could be induced by peptide stimulation in vitro from splenocytes obtained from immunized mice. The cytotoxic effect of CTLs was measured by $^{51}Cr$-release assay and the percentage of accumulated intracellular IFN-${\gamma}$ secreting cells after in vitro restimulation was measured by flow cytometric analysis. The result of $^{51}Cr$-release cytotoxicity test was well correlated with that of the flow cytometric analysis. Viral protection was effective in immunized group of $50{\mu}g/head$, while in the in vitro restimulation, it showed more spectific response in $5{\mu}g$/head group.