• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.355-364
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• 2009

This research was conducted to investigate the group and individual behavioral patterns of thoroughbred mares which are important for raising race-horses, in paddoks (pregnant) and pastures (nursing). In a group of nursing mare, eating 62%, standing resting 31%, drinking 3%, lying resting 1%, walking 1% and nursing 2% were observed, although no running was observed. Average time spent on individual behavior of mares (3 heads) was eating 295 min (55%), standing resting 193 min (36%), walking 18 min, drinking 18 min (3%), nursing 13 min (2%), lying resting 6 min (1%). Average 11 times of grooming, 2 times of urinating, and 1 time of feces were observed for mare in pasture. 48% of standing resting, 44% of eating, 2% of lying resting, 4% of walking, and 2% of drinking were revealed for pregnant mares in paddock. Average individual behavioral pattern of pregnant mares (3 heads) was 52% of eating, 40% of standing, 6% of walking, and 2% of drinking. Average 15 times of grooming, 1 time of urinating, 3 times of feces, 1 time of fighting, and 2 times of rolling were observed for pregnant mares in paddock. For moving patterns, pregnant mares were inclined to concentrate on where the nearby paddok is close to.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.1048-1053
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives of the study were to assess the effect of cacao bean husk as bedding material in free-stall barn on the behavior, productivity, and udder health of dairy cattle, and on the ammonia concentrations in the barn. Methods: Four different stall surfaces (no bedding, cacao bean husk, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw) were each continuously tested for a period of 1 week to determine their effects on nine lactating Holstein cows housed in the free-stall barn with rubber matting. The lying time and the milk yield were measured between d 4 and d 7. Blood samples for plasma cortisol concentration and teat swabs for bacterial counts were obtained prior to morning milking on d 7. The time-averaged gas-phase ammonia concentrations in the barn were measured between d 2 and d 7. Results: The cows spent approximately 2 h more per day lying in the stalls when bedding was available than without bedding. The milk yield increased in the experimental periods when cows had access to bedding materials as compared to the period without bedding. The lying time was positively correlated with the milk yield. Bacterial counts on the teat ends recorded for cows housed on cacao bean husk were significantly lower than those recorded for cows housed without bedding. Ammonia concentration under cacao bean husk bedding decreased by 6%, 15%, and 21% as compared to no bedding, sawdust, and chopped wheat straw, respectively. The cortisol concentration was lowest in the period when cacao bean husk bedding was used. We observed a positive correlation between the ammonia concentrations in the barn and the plasma cortisol concentrations. Conclusion: Cacao bean husk is a potential alternative of conventional bedding material, such as sawdust or chopped wheat straw, with beneficial effects on udder health and ammonia concentrations in the barns.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.564-573
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• 2022

In this study, considering the difficulties for all farms to convert farm styles to animal welfare-based housing, an experiment was performed to observe the changes in the behavior and welfare of sows when the slat floor was changed to a collective breeding ground. Twenty-eight sows used in this study were between the second and fifth parities to minimize the influence of parity. Using a flats floor cover, the flattening rates were treated as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Data collection was the behavior of sows visually observed using a camera (e.g., standing, lying, fighting and excessive biting behaviors, and abnormal behaviors) and the animal welfare level measured through field visits. Lying behavior was found to be higher (p < 0.01) as the flattening rate increased, and sows lying on the slatted cover also increased as the flattening rate increased (p < 0.01). Fighting behavior wasincreased when the flattening rate was increased to 20%, and chewing behavior was increased (p < 0.05) as the flattening rate increased. The animal welfare level of sows, 'good feeding', it was found that all treatment groups for body condition score and water were good at 100 (p < 0.05). 'Good housing' was the maximum value (100) in each treatment group. As the percentage of floor increased, the minimum good housing was increased from 78 in 0% flattening rate to 96 in 50% flattening rate. The maximum (100) 'good health' was achieved in the 0% and 20% flattening rates, and it was 98, 98, and 99 in the 30%, 50%, and 40% flattening rate, respectively. 'Appropriate behavior' score was significantly lower than that of other paremeters, but when the flattening ratio was 0% and 20%, the maximum and minimum values were 10. At 40% and 50%, the maximum values were 39 and 49, respectively, and the minimum values were analyzed as 19 for both 40% and 50%. These results will be used as basic data about sow welfare for farmers to successfully transition to group housing and flat floors.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2016

Detection of DMNB by chemo sensors has been proved difficult because of their high lying LUMO level. Recently reported 4 different types of sensory materials for detection of DMNB were discussed. The focus of this review mainly lied on the sensitivity and feasibility for field use. Different strategies and approaches from different platforms for sensing DMNB is studied.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 1996.04a
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• pp.136-141
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• 1996

A new suspension model of an optical pick-up actuator is developed. This model is very stable and easily manufactured owing to its specially designed geometry. In designing the suspension, the first two natural frequencies are kept lying in a certain range and sub-resonance frequencies are made as high as possible. The vibration and sensitivity analysis needed for optimal design is based on a simplified beam model of the bobbin-suspension structure. The investigation of the strain energy distribution in each vibration mode appears to be very useful.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.301-312
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• 2015

In this paper, we study a class of spacelike rotational surfaces in the Minkowski 4-space $\mathbb{E}^4_1$ with meridian curves lying in 2-dimensional spacelike planes and having pointwise 1-type Gauss map. We obtain all such surfaces with pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the first kind. Then we prove that the spacelike rotational surface with flat normal bundle and pointwise 1-type Gauss map of the second kind is an open part of a spacelike 2-plane in $\mathbb{E}^4_1$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.1329-1343
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• 2013

In this paper, we define translation surfaces in the 3-dimensional Heisenberg group $\mathcal{H}_3$ obtained as a product of two planar curves lying in planes, which are not orthogonal, and study minimal translation surfaces in $\mathcal{H}_3$.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.4
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• pp.23-32
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• 1996

The geographic environment means the general state of the environment in the area. Especially, which means the generation cause, the development process of the cave, and the validity of cave development and conservation in the side of the place of the cave. This study put emphasis on lying in which place Hwaam cave in Tong-myon, Chong son-gun, Kangwondo is situated and having in which stand is in comparison with other districts, and how the geological structure which determine the cave forming cause is.(omitted)

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.07a
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• pp.937-939
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• 2003

We synthesized and characterized new fluorene-based polyquinoxalines with ether-linkage in the main chain, which have luminescent properties. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that these polymers have a low-lying LUMO and HOMO energy levels. Therefore, the polymers would be attractive candidates for electron-tansporting or hole-blocking materials in LEDs.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1989.10a
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• pp.881-883
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• 1989

Aperiodicity of interval polynomials is studied. Aperiodicity is normally defined as a property such that all the roots are simple and negative real, while interval polynomials are referred to as polynomials with coefficients lying within specified closed intervals on the real axis. Several conditions for aperiodicity, including an exact one, are derived. Comments on them are given in contrast to the work by Soh and Berger, who also considered the problem with a modified definition of aperiodicity.