• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1074-1079
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• 2006

As part of our research on phytochemicals that exert protective effects against diseases related to reactive nitrogen species, we have evaluated the scavenging activity of the yellow leaves of Ginkgo biloba on $ONOO^{-}$. The methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction obtained from yellow leaves of G. biloba evidenced a marked scavenging activity on authentic $ONOO^{-}$. Repeated column chromatography of the active ethyl acetate soluble fraction on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and RP-18, resulted in the purification of 15 known compounds, including sciadopitysin (1), ginkgolide B (2), bilobalide (3), isoginkgetin (4), kaempferol (5), luteolin (6), protocatechuic acid (7), bilobetin (8), amentoflavone (9), ${\beta}-sitosterol$ glucopyranoside (10), kaempferol 3-O-rhamnopyranoside (11), kaempferol 3-O-glucopyranoside (12), kaempferol $3-O-[{6^{'}-O-p-coumaroyl-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranoside]$ (13), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (14), and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid (15). Among the compounds isolated, flavonoids (5, 6 and 11-14), protocatechuic acid (7), and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid (15) all exhibited marked scavenging activities on authentic $ONOO^{-}$. The $IC_{50}$ values of 5-7, 11-14 and 15 were as follows: $2.86{\pm}0.70,\;2.30{\pm}0.04,\;2.85{\pm}0.10,\;5.60{\pm}0.47,\;4.16{\pm}1.65,\;2.47{\pm}0.15,\;3.02{\pm}0.48,\;and\;6.24{\pm}0.27\;{\mu}M$, respectively. DL-Penicillamine ($IC_{50}=4.98{\pm}0.27\;{\mu}M$) was utilized as a positive control. However, the other compounds (1-4, 8-10) exerted no effects against $ONOO^{-}$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.318-318
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• 2009

관행재배 농산물에 대한 유기재배 농산물의 생리활성성분 및 기능성 측면에서의 우수성에 대한 관심이 국제적으로 화두가 되고 있으나 일관성 있는 데이터가 제시되지 못해 논란이 이어지고 있다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 한국인이 일상적으로 섭취하고 있는 고추(녹광)를 대상으로 생산이력이 분명한 관행 및 유기 재배 시료를 이용해 주의 깊게 확립된 분석법을 이용해 유기 및 관행재배 고추의 생리활성성분 함량비교 및 기능성 평가를 행하였다. 그 결과 ascorbic acid, capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin 및 총 페놀성 화합물의 함량은 녹색 및 적색 고추 모두에 있어 관행보다 유기재배 고추가 유의(p<0.05)하게 더 높은 값을 보였다. 그리고 flavonoid류(apigenin, luteolin, quercetin)의 함량은 녹색과 적색고추 모두 유의차는 인정되지 않았으나 관행보다 유기재배 고추에서 더 높은 경향을 나타냈다. 또 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ammonium salt) (ABTS+) radical-scavenging 활성은 녹색고추에 있어서는 유기재배 고추가 관행재배 고추보다 더 높은 경향을 보였으며, 적색고추에 있어서는 유의(p<0.05)하게 높은 활성을 보였다. 고추추출물을 경구투여한 쥐 (Sprague-Dawley, 6주령, men, 180~250 g) 혈장의 동이온 유도산화에 대한 cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (CE-OOH) 생성 억제능을 평가한 결과, 고추추출물을 경구투여한 쥐가 대조구보다 더 높은 CE-OOH 생성 억제능과 lag time연장 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 그 효과는 관행재배 고추보다 유기재배 고추에 있어서 더 우수한 것으로 관찰되었고, 녹색고추보다 적색고추에 있어 그 효과가 더 뛰어난 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 위에서 분석한 각 시료에 함유된 항산화 성분들의 함량과 관련이 있는 결과라 판단되며, 유기재배 고추가 관행재배 고추보다 유용성분 및 생리활성 측면에서 더 우수함을 시사하는 결과라 사료된다. 그러나 한편으로 본 연구결과는 고추에 국한된 성과라 할 수 있으며, 유기재배 방법 및 다양한 환경조건에 따라 그 결과 또한 다양성을 보일 수 있음에 주의를 기울일 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.446-451
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• 2008

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode array detector (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of chlorogenic acid (1), sweroside (2), luteolin-7-O-glucoside (3), (E)-aldosecologanin (4) and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (5) from Lonicera joponica flower buds. The optimal chromatographic conditions were obtained on an ODS column (5 ${\mu}m$, 4.6${\times}$150 mm) with the column temperature $25^{\circ}C$. The mobile phase was composed of (A) water with 0.1% formic acid and (B) acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid using a gradient elution, the flow rate was 0.3 ml/min. Detection wavelength was set at 250 nm. All calibration curves showed good linear regression ($r^2$>0.994) within test ranges. The developed method provided satisfactory precision and accuracy with overall intra-day and inter-day variations of 0.05${\sim}$1.95% and 0.15${\sim}$2.26%, respectively, and the overall recoveries of 97.71${\sim}$103.65% for the five compounds analyzed. The verified method was successfully applied to quantitative determination of the three types (phenolic compounds, iridoids and flavonoids) of bioactive compounds in 21 commercial L. japonica flower buds samples from different markets in Korea and China. The analytical results demonstrated that the contents of the five analytes vary significantly with sources.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.617-623
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• 2006

In our ongoing search for bioactive compounds originating from the endemic species in Korea, we found that the hexane and EtOAc fractions of the MeOH extract from the root of Dystaenia takeshimana (Nakai) Kitagawa (Umbelliferae) showed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5- lipoxygenase (5-LOX) dual inhibitory activity by assessing their effects on the production of prostaglandin $D_2\;(PGD_2)$ and leukotriene $C_4\;(LTC_4)$ in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells. By activity-guided fractionation, five coumarins, viz. psoralen (2), xanthotoxin (3), scopoletin (4), umbelliferone (5), and (+)-marmesin (6), together with ${\beta}-sitosterol$ (1), were isolated from the hexane fraction, and two phenethyl alcohol derivatives, viz. 2-methoxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (7) and 2-hydroxy-2-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol (8), three flavonoids, viz. apigenin (9), luteolin (10), and cynaroside (11), as well as daucosterol (12) were isolated from the EtOAc fraction using silica gel column chromatography. In addition, D-mannitol (13) was isolated from the BuOH fraction by recrystallization. Two of the coumarins, scopoletin (4) and (+)- marmesin (6), the two phenethyl alcohol derivatives (7, 8) and the three flavonoids (9-11) were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among the compounds isolated from this plant, the five coumarins as well as the three flavonoids showed COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of D. takeshimana might in part occur via the inhibition of the generation of eicosanoids.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2011

Herbal medicines are widely used in many countries for the treatment of many diseases. Although the use of herb extracts as alternative medicine is growing, their toxicological properties have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have investigated the effects of water and ethanol extracts of 18 herbs on the hepatic lipid metabolism and steatogenic hepatotoxicity. Ethanol extracts of Cirsium japonicum, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmanniae glutinosa (preparata), Polygala tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare, Polygonum multiflorum, and Acorus gramineus and water extracts of Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmanniae glutinosa induced lipid accumulation in Sk-hep1 human hepatoma cells as determined by Nile red staining. These extracts increased the luciferase activity of sterol regulatory element (SRE) and decreased that of peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE), indicating the possibilities of enhanced fatty acid synthesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation. To identify the components responsible for the fat accumulation, we tested 50 chemicals isolated from the nine herbs. Apigenin, luteolin, pectolinarin and lupeol from Cirsium japonicum, 8-methoxypsoralen and umbelliferone from Foeniculum vulgare and pomonic acid and jiocerebroside from Rehmanniae glutinosa significantly increased the accumulation of lipid droplets. These results suggest that ethanol extracts of Cirsium japonicum, Carthamus tinctorius, Rehmanniae glutinosa (preparata), Polygala tenuifolia, Foeniculum vulgare, Polygonum multiflorum, and Acorus gramineus and water extracts of Polygonum multiflorum and Rehmanniae glutinosa can cause fatty liver disease by decreasing ${\beta}$-oxidation of fatty acid and increasing lipogenesis.

• Plant Breeding and Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.192-203
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• 2017

Metabolite profile is a powerful analytical technique to identify the functional characterization of plants. In this study, the phytochemicals and secondary metabolites of lentils (Lens culinaris) were analyzed to compare the anti-oxidative activities according to the different colors. The polar metabolites, fatty acids, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, total phenolic acids, DPPH activity were analyzed. Three kind of lentils, French green whole lentil (FG), red whole lentil (LR), and green whole lentil (LG) (ASIA SEED Co., LTD), were used for this study. Fatty acids, phytochemicals, and antioxidative components from each lentil varieties were analyzed by official methods. The contents of lutein in carotenoids were 6-9 times higher than zeaxanthin in all lentils, but were not significantly different among three varieties. The content of carotenoids in FG was lower significantly than those in the LR and LG. Myricetin and luteolin were detected in the only FG. Kaempferol and delphinidin were significantly highest in the FG. Most of the phenolic acids except coumarate were higher in FG and LG than in LR. Also antioxidant effects ($EC_{50}$) were higher in FG and LG than in LR. The analyzed metabolites obtained from lentils showed distinct separation in the PCA results according to the varieties. Also, lentils showed different anti-oxidant profiles according to the colors. FG and LG showing higher contents of phytochemicals showed higher antioxidative activity than LG containing relative low contents of phytochemicals.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.139-146
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• 2019

A simple and reliable analytical method based on high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection was established for the analysis of the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium (CM). Luteolin-7-O-glucoside (LU7G) was chosen as a target analyte considering its content, availability, and ease of analysis. Chromatographic separation of LU7G was achieved using a Phenomenex Gemini $C_{18}$ column ($250{\times}4.6mm$, $5{\mu}m$) run with a mobile phase consisting of 0.5 % acetic acid in water and 0.5 % acetic acid in acetonitrile at a flow rate of $1.0mL\;min^{-1}$. The detection wavelength and column temperature were set at 350 nm and $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. Method validation was performed according to the AOAC guidelines and the method was specific, linear ($R^2=0.9991$ for $50-300{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$), precise (${\leq}3.91%$RSD), and accurate (100.1-105.7 %). The limits of detection and quantification were 3.62 and $10.96{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, respectively. The established method was successfully applied to determine the contents of LU7G in various batches of bulk CM extracts and labscale CM extract. The developed method is a readily applicable method for the quality assessment of CM and its related products.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2019

The effects of Lavandula angustifolia extract fermented with Pediococcus pentosaceus DK1 on UVB-mediated MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in human skin fibroblasts were determined, and the conversion of its components was also analyzed. Fermentation was performed at varying L. angustifolia extract and MRS medium concentrations, and optimal fermentation conditions were selected. L. angustifolia extracts showed decreased cytotoxicity after fermentation in the fibroblasts. UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed MMP-1 expression 8.2-14.0% lower than that in UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with non-fermented extract. This was observed even at fermented extract concentrations lower than those of non-fermented extracts. Fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extract showed 20% less reduction in collagen production upon UVB irradiation than those treated with non-fermented extracts. UVB-irradiated fibroblasts treated with fermented L. angustifolia extracts showed 50% higher inhibition of ROS generation than those treated with non-fermented extract. Luteolin and apigenin glycosides of L. angustifolia were converted during fermentation, and identified using RP-HPLC and LC/ESI-MS. Therefore, the effects of L. angustifolia extract on MMP-1 expression and collagen decrease in UVB-irradiated human skin fibroblasts were increased through fermentation by P. pentosaceus.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.99-114
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• 2021

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications are important noncommunicable diseases with high mortality rates. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and aldose reductase inhibitors are recently approached and advanced for T2DM and its complications therapy. Matricaria chamomilla L. is acknowledged as a worldwide medicinal herb that has many beneficial health effects as well as antidiabetic effects. Our research was designed to determine the most potential antidiabetic phytochemicals from M. chamomilla employing in silico study. 142 phytochemicals were obtained from the databases. The first screening employed iGEMdock and Swiss ADME, involving 93 phytochemicals. Finally, 30 best phytochemicals were docked. Molecular docking and visualization analysis were performed using Avogadro, AutoDock 4.2., and Biovia Discovery Studio 2016. Molecular docking results demonstrate that ligand-protein interaction's binding affinities were -5.16 to -7.54 kcal/mol and -5.30 to -12.10 kcal/mol for PTP1B and aldose reductase protein targets respectively. In silico results demonstrate that M. chamomilla has potential antidiabetic phytochemical compounds for T2DM and its complications. We recommended anthecotulide, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, luteolin, and catechin as antidiabetic agents due to their binding affinities against both PTP1B and aldose reductase protein. Those phytochemicals' significant efficacy and potential as antidiabetic must be investigated in further advanced research.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.790-800
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• 2022

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer is one of the most valuable medicinal plants which is enriched in anti-microbe secondary metabolites and widely used in traditional medicine. Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic fungus that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of hosts. B. cinerea could overcome the ginseng defense and cause serious leaf and root diseases with unknown mechanism. Methods: We conducted simultaneous transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the host to investigate the defense response of ginseng affected by B. cinerea. The gene deletion and replacement were then performed to study the pathogenic gene in B. cinerea during ginseng - fungi interaction. Results: Upon B. cinerea infection, ginseng defense responses were switched from the activation to repression, thus the expression of many defense genes decreased and the biosynthesis of antifungal metabolites were reduced. Particularly, ginseng metabolites like kaempferol, quercetin and luteolin which could inhibit fungi growth were decreased after B. cinerea infection. B. cinerea quercetin dioxygenase (Qdo) involved in catalyzing flavonoids degradation and ∆BcQdo mutants showed increased substrates accumulation and reduced disease development. Conclusion: This work indicates the flavonoids play a role in ginseng defense and BcQdo involves in B. cinerea virulence towards the P. ginseng. B. cinerea promotes disease development in ginseng by suppressing of defense related genes expression and reduction of antifungal metabolites biosynthesis.