• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.2 s.74
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• pp.137-148
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• 2005

This study compared one-child households' economic structures between those who determined not to have more children and those who have a birth plan. This study examined the demographic characteristics and economic variables such as income, consumption expenditures, assets. debt, and a subjective evaluation of future economic status. Especially, it compared the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child between low-fertility and birth-planned households. From a questionnaire completed by a husband or wife of one-child households, 154 low-fertility households and 201 birth-planned households were obtained. A t-test, chi-square test, multiple regression analysis and a dummy variable interaction technique were used. The findings of this study are as follows: First, low-fertility households were older, had higher income, and had more educated, employed wives. Their marital duration was longer, and their child was older than those of birth-planned households. Second, low-fertility households had higher consumption expenditures than did birth-planned households. Especially, expenditures of apparel and shoes, health care, education, and entertainment were significantly higher for low-fertility households. Also, low-fertility households spent more than did birth-planned households on a child. However, low-fertility households had significantly more debt than did their counterparts, and their expectation level of future economic status were lower than that of birth-planned households. Third, the effects of socioeconomic variables on expenditures on a child were different between low-fertility and birth-planned households. Age, education level, husband's occupation, wife's employment status, income, net asset, and subjective evaluation of future economic status showed significant differences. Income elasticity of expenditure on a child was significantly higher for low-fertility households than their counterparts.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.251-261
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• 2020

This study aims to suggest a new perspective that can account for variations in fertility rates across OECD countries. Most previous literature has highlighted the influence of government policies on fertility rates. This study focuses the role of job strain, unequal division of household labor, and life satisfaction on fertility rates. These factors are related to work-life balance, and play a crucial role in understanding variations in fertility rates across OECD countries. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative research analysis (fsQCA), this study tests whether fertility rates can be explained by differences in the levels of job strain, gender equality at home, and life satisfaction across countries. The results are as follows: First, high fertility-countries show low levels of job strain, equal division of household labor, high levels of life satisfaction, and high levels of GDP. Second, a high level of GDP is not crucial for achieving high fertility rates. This study suggests that changes in working conditions and organizational culture are required to increase the fertility rate in Korea, since this can influence work-life balance, life satisfaction and equal division of household labor.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2015

The aim of this study is to a study on the effects of fertile women on the low fertility in Korea. It is designed to research a model and established hypothesis with emphasis on major variables based on theoretical discussions. However, the result of the study is as follows. Firstly, this brought in delivery avoid phenomenon thus resulting in lower delivery phenomenon. The government should propose reasonable solutions to persuade female personal value and important elements of delivery rate at the same time. Secondly, Patriarchal stereotypes weighting household labor to female traditionally pressures working female with double burden as dual stance of work and family worsen the delivery will. Such atmosphere within a family generates female with an ability to get pregnancy to avoid marriage and delivery. Lastly, the research has pointed out the delivery support policy as most ineffective policy among government policies. To solve this problem, the government policy to recover delivery rate must be reviewed continuously and to be exercised immediately.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.57-85
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• 2011

This paper investigates the effects of changes in household structure on service demand. The structure of households in Korea has been quickly changed due to low birth rate and population aging as well as increasing women's participation in the workforce. Their consumption patterns may have been altered by the structural changes. This paper focuses on the additional demand for market services replacing household activities such as household chores and care services. First, using a 3-sector time allocation model, we theoretically analyze the mechanism that marketization of household production can lead to the expansion of service industries. Next, in order to analyze the effects of changes in household structure on consumption demand, we estimate the Engel curves according to the QUAIDS model. For empirical work, the Survey of Household Finances was used. According to the results, structural changes in Korean households, such as an increase in single-person households, a decrease in families with a spouse or children under 6 years old, and an increase in dual-earner households, have caused an increase in medical expenses, education and training costs, and expenses for household services, which are typically substitutes for household production services.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.679-692
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• 2008

The goal of this study is to analyze one-child households' financial structure. The data from 1022 more than two children households and 236 one-child households were taken from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(2004). This study compared demographic, socioeconomic and marital characteristics between one-child households and more than two children households. A chi-square test, t-test and multiple regression analysis were used. The major findings were as follows: One-child households were different from more than two children households in demographic socioeconomic characteristics and financial structure. In one-child households, the variable that significantly influenced on consumption expenditures was monthly income and the variables that significantly influenced on private education expenditures were householder's age, home-ownership, monthly income.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 2015

According to Korea Social Trends 2012 report presented in National Statistical Office, based on 2010, single-person household out of all households in Korea ratio is 23.9%, not only this ratio is beyond a family of four's ratio (22.5%) but also overtake couple-person household. Last year, according to financial industry and National Statistical Office, Korea's single-person household is estimated 4 million Five hundred and thirty thousand nine thousand family (25.3%). this mean is Korea's One of four household furniture is single-person household. Furthermore. According to National Statistical Office's report 'Future household projections 2010~2035 Report', In 2035, Korea's single-person household is assumed to increase by 34.3%. Korea's causes an increase of single-person household causes an increase is reduced marriage, increase in divorce, low fertility, increasing older singles etc. also Around the World as well as Korea single person household is increase. Based on 2011, single-person household is reached at 2 hundred million 42 million furniture (This ratio is 13%), China and U.S.A's single-person household ratio close in upon 30%. Sweden and Norway, the Philippines, Denmark is also approximately 40% of all households. Up to now, Not reached at OECD average, but this is increasing at a very fast pace. and then It will overtake this ratio. so government, regarding single-person household upsurge, try to find definitive solution. Appeared to statistics through the data, this find out the single-person household characteristics. Using association rule, the association between consumption trend and single-person.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2017

In this paper, we describe the economic model of Becker's demand for child and examine whether the number of children and spending on private education in Korea can be explained by this model. The results show that household income has no significant effect on the number of children but has a significant positive effect on the spending on private education per child. These results suggest that the low fertility rate in Korea may increase the demand of parents for the quality of their children due to the increase of household income. And the higher the household income, the parents' education level and the child's age, the higher the spending on private education per child. These results show that there is a possibility of education and wealth transfer between parents and children through educational investment.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.123-148
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• 2012

The main objective of this study was to investigate how people prepare for old age by looking at financial statements from single-person households in Gyeonggi province; the policy implications regarding low fertility and population aging are considered. The subjects were members of 600 households who were aged 26 to 44 years old and not married. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and dichotomous logistic regression using SPSS WIN 12.0. Respondents pointed out that financial problems are the greatest challenges for those facing old age in single-person households; they said that a stable job is the most important factor for secure living. About 57% of household residents responded that they have prepared for retirement, and a majority of them said they hoped to spend their elderly years with a marriage partner. The financial statements from single-person households were inferior to those from other types of households. The assets of single-person household members were less than those of other households. Only 10.5% of respondents have owned homes. The study discusses policy implications for those who want marriage and for those who don't want it. For those who want marriage, job-seeking support was proposed, and for the others, tax deductions and family programs for single-person households were proposed.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.23 no.3 s.75
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• pp.25-33
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• 2005

This study examines socio-demographic characteristics of married couples and their desire for a second child. Questionnaires were completed by 355 married men and women who have only one child currently. The participants were classified into four groups by their desire, or a lack thereof, for a second child. Group I consisted of married people who wanted to have another child, and whose spouse wanted the same. Members of Group II were in a marriage where only the wife wanted to have another child. Members of Group III were in a marriage where only the husband wanted a second child. Group IV consisted of participants who did not want another child, and whose spouse agreed with thor The research questions were (1) how different those four groups are in terms of socio-demographic characteristics, (2) what are the reasons to stop having children and to have another child, and (3) what are the perceptions of the current low fertility rate in Korea, and the policies designed to increase birth rata The results indicate that wife' age, husband's educational level, expectant level of household economy, age at marriage, marriage duration and the time length between marriage and birth of the first child were significantly different among the four groups. The reasons to stop having children were expected constraint of privacy and time, physical and psychological burden and economic pressure. The most pronounced reason for wanting another child was the desire to give their first child a sibling. Group III had more serious disagreement about having another child than did Group II. There were significant differences among the four groups in the perceptions of possible consequences of the low birth rate. These perceptions included: undermined competitiveness of the nation and weakened family ties.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.45-72
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• 1996

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the level of fertility of Koreans in China in comparison to Hans. From the demographic perspective, this paper attempts to develop explanation for Korean immigration to northeast China since the mid 19th century. Of interest are the trend of population growth and geographic distribution of Koreans in China Attention is also given to the comparison of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics between Koereans and Hans in China. The research is based on the raw data files of the 1990 Population Census from Jilin Province and Yanbian Korean Prefecture. The findings of the analysis suggest that the level of fertility of Koreans in China is substantially lower than those of Hans and other ethnic minority. This appears to be particularly true for Koreans residing in the regions densely populated with Koreans. The results of ANOVA and MCA confirm that the ethnic factor does have significant effects on the level of fertility. The lowest fertility of Koreans is found to be consistent after adjusting the effects of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the couple and the household. Despite the recent uprising of the sex ratio at birth in China, it is found in this study that the pattern of sex ratios for Koreans in Jilin Province and Yanbian Korean Prefecture has been fairly balanced and stable. Finally, Koreans are found to have higher level of child mortality than Hans and other ethnic minority.