• Health Policy and Management
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.272-281
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• 2022

With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, health policymakers are adopting new policies regarding the issue of immunization disparities, especially for children in low-income communities of color who lack awareness and thereby access to vaccines. The purpose of this paper is to propose an evaluation framework using program theory-based evaluation approach and logic model to analyze and evaluate the immunization disparities in children aged 19-35 months. Data is collected from New York City department of Health and the U.S. Census Bureau for Northern Manhattan Start Right Coalition program which consists of 19,800 children, and the community-provider partnership includes 26 practices and 20 groups. Program theory is used to evaluate this community-based initiative with the logic model which is a visual depiction that illustrations the program theory to all stakeholders. The logic model highlights the resources, activities, outputs, outcomes, and impacts of the program to guide to planners and evaluators and to call attention to the inadequacies or flaws in the operational, implementation and service delivery process of the program in offering a new perspective on the program. This framework adds to the literature on evaluations of immunization disparities in determining whether evaluators can definitively attribute positive immunization outcomes in the community to the program and conclude whether it has potential in expanding or duplicating it to other similar settings, especially in other rural areas of the United States, and abroad, where routine immunization equity gaps are wide due to income, racial and ethnic diversity, and language barrier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.369-380
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• 1991

A study of eating behavior was conducted among 274 children of Nan Hyang elementary school, located in low income area of Seoul, where a school lunch program is not operated. During weekdays, 19.6% of children ate breakfast and 18.4% ate supper alone or with their siblings. The school provided boxed lunches for 10.5% of the children with governmental funds, who were chosen by the school based on their household income. But the percentage of the children skipping breakfast was 14.6%, lunch 10.3% and supper 8.0%. The results of nutritional analysis of the children who had three meals a day and those of children skipped one of the regular meals were compared. The group who had three meals consumed more nutrients except vitamin C than the group skipped meal (p<0.01). Most common meal pattern was consisted of cooked rice, Kimchi and side dishes. When the children didn't have afternoon classes, 10.0% of the children ate Ramen only at home without any side dishes. Among the protein sources, the beans and bean products were the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the milk products, fruits, ice cakes${\cdots}$etc. Their favorite foods were fruits, yoghurt, Chinese black noodle, and sweet potatoes whereas being not prefered foods, were aromatic vegetables. It seemed that the increasing rate of working mothers and the overflooding of instant foods have caused to neglect children's meal management. To solve these problems, nutrition education and extend of school lunch programs should be emphasized.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.125-143
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of households with a negative cash flow. The Household Budget Survey conducted in 2000, 2005, and 2010 by the Bureau of Statistics in South Korea were used for this study. The households used in this study were divided into four groups according to their income levels; they were categorized the lowest, low, middle, and high income groups. This study made several findings regarding households with a negative/positive cash flow. Firstly, the demographic and economic characteristics were different between those who have a negative cash flow and those with a positive cash flow. A female household head, a household head age 65 and older, a household head with a lower educational attainment, an unemployed household head, and the presence of a child/children in schools were related with the household deficit. Secondly, the households with a positive cash flow had a higher income level compared to the households with a negative cash flow, while the households with a negative cash flow had a much higher consumption level compared to the households with a positive cash flow. Thirdly, the household deficit to total income ratio of the lowest income group was higher when compared to any other income group. Lastly, the multivariate statistics showed that households including a child/children in schools are more likely to be a household with a negative cash flow. Especially, the expenditures on education and transportation were related with the likelihood of a household deficit.

• 한국노년학
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.905-923
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine factors affecting the conflict between grandparents raising grandchildren and adult children. The data were based on the panel survey to explore korean retirement and income study conducted by National Pension Service in 2009. For this study, 287 parenting grandparents rearing grandchild are selected from the survey. Included variables are a demographic factor, a economic factor, a caregiving-related factor, a health factor, and a family relationship factor. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, co-relation and logistic regression, with SPSS WIN 18.0 program. The results are as follows: First, when grandparents are male, older, highly educated, having no religion, and unemployed, a conflict with their adult children grows. Second, when grandparents do not have earned income or financial income, but have private income transfers, a conflict with their adult children is high. Third, when grandchildren are younger, there are no caregiving rewards, economic activities suspension or reduction because of caregiving, a conflict with their adult children is strong. Also, when grandparents' physical health is good, but their mental health is poor, a conflict with their adult children increases. Fourth, when grandparents' satisfactions with family relationship and spouse relationship are low, but their satisfaction with adult children relationship is high, a conflict with their adult children rises. This study suggests that unlike in the past, grandparents raising grandchildren can no longer make sacrifice themselves for their adult children, but they expect proper exchange between parents and children. Therefore, there needs to be understanding of grandparents raising grandchildren and further studies of a conflict between grandparents raising grandchildren their adult children.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.109-119
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• 1995

The objectives of this study were 1) to identity the living conditions of old women at rural area, 2) to inquire of the activities for extra income 3) to Provide information on the social service program development for old rural women. Data were collected by interview with the questionaire from 396 old rural women in Korea. In analyzing data, $x^2$-test has been produced by S A S program package at Rural Development Administration. The major results were as follows ; 1. The average age was 69.7years old of the subjects, illiteracy was 54.1%, widows was 58.6%, and the 18.4% of elderly have led a solitary life. Also, the degree of health care was very low. 2. The source of living costs in most old rural women lay on agricultural income. Also, because of the educational expenditure for their children, etc., they led to poverty, and then could not provide for their old age. 3. In spite of the 60.4% of the old women did farming, a lot of them wishes to have a side job. The reasons why they wish to do a side job were making money, spending their time in working, being proud before their children, etc.. 4. According as they rely on their husband, the eldest son and his wife, for the psychological, physical, economical support, their position among family was low. Therefore, only the 43.3% of old women were satisfied with their life. 5. Finally, in the result of this case study, the old women, who particpate in the extra income promoting program, were satisfied with their rural life, and their social position were high rather than elswhere.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.91-111
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• 2001

The present study investigated differences in children's school achievement and emotional and social development by type of after-school care: self-care and mother-care. It also examined relationships between children's developmental outcomes and ecological variables, including individual, familial, and environmental variables by care methods. The data of 330 mother-care and 161 self-care children was provided by teachers, mothers, and the children themselves. The analyses of the data were conducted by t-test, correlation, and regression. Findings were that mother-care children had higher scores in grades, school adjustment and teacher relationship and lower depression and withdrawn behaviors than self-care children; after-school activities and peer support predicted the developmental outcomes of mother-care children; gender, autonomous ability, and behavior control predicted the development of self-care children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.767-776
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• 2009

This study evaluated the effect of nutritional improvement of 0~5 year children of financially poor families after nutrition supplement of children and nutrition education in parents/guardians. The subject selected among applicants for low-income family financing of the government included 198 children (0~12 months:92, 1~5 years:106), and the average ages were 5.3 months and 2.4 years respectively. Food that includes each nutrient factor was provided to the subject for six months. Nutrition education was performed in two ways, through class and private education, once a month for both. Nutritional improvement was evaluated by body measurement and anemia prevalence rate. As to the survey on breast-feeding, complete breast-feeding accounted for 58.7%, weaning food 27.3%, and combined feeding 14.1% respectively, which shows that breast-feeding accounted for the largest percentage. The education program improved knowledge and attitude of the parents/guardians, which brings in positive effects on growth of children as well. The nutrition knowledge score was improved after nutrition education in 0~12 month children $(8.5\pm1.75\;to\;8.9\pm1.69)$ and 1~5 year children $(7.3\pm1.39\;to\;7.8\pm1.30)$. The nutrition attitude score was significantly improved in 0~12month children $(52.0\pm6.99$ to $53.5\pm5.21$, p < 0.001) and 1~5year children ($45.1\pm7.30$ to $49.0\pm5.96$, p < 0.001). In evaluation on nutritional improvement based on body measurements, it turned out that the wasting was reduced as for children in consideration of the height and weight according to the subject's age. The concentration of hemoglobin after the nutrient treatment for six months was significantly improved, and the anemia prevalence rate as well was reduced from 40.6% to 13.5%, which indicates the significant improvement. Based on the findings above, it turned out that providing quality food to children and nutrition education to the parents/guardians poorly fed in low-income families improved knowledge and attitude of the guardians and prevents anemia and improves growth, which brings in positive effects on growth of children. In the results regarding attitude and knowledge on nutrient/dietary life; however, the improvement level was relatively low when the extent before the education was too small, which indicates the need to revise and complement the contents and methods. In addition, as shown in the result of body measurement, long-term and consistent investigation is necessary since it is difficult to judge the effect on growth only based on short-term nutrient supplement.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.549-558
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• 2022

Objectives: Poor complementary feeding practices have consistently contributed to the burden of child undernutrition in Indonesia. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence and predictors of the time of the introduction of solid, semi-solid, and soft foods (ISSSF), minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD). Methods: We analyzed 4804 last-born infants aged 6-23 months from the 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey, which employed multistage cluster random sampling. The outcomes were calculated based on the 2021 World Health Organization/United Nations Children's Fund guidelines. The predictors of the 4 complementary feeding indicators were assessed using multivariate Poisson regression with robust variance adjusting for potential confounders and study design. Results: The prevalence of ISSSF, MDD, MMF, and MAD was 86.1%, 54.3%, 71.8%, and 37.6%, respectively, with younger children less likely to meet 3 out of the 4 outcomes. Parental education, the presence of a birth attendant, and maternal media consumption were among the predictors of MDD and MAD. Children from families with higher income were more likely to meet MDD than those from low-income households (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.28). Living in an urban area was positively associated with MMF (aPR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.15) and MAD (aPR, 1.12; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24). In eastern regions, the prevalence of children achieving MDD and MAD was lower than in those living in Java and Bali. Conclusions: It is crucial that more attention and efforts are made to improve the recommended practices throughout Indonesia, since the prevalence of adequate complementary feeding practices remains low.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.243-265
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• 2009

Using the children supplements of Korea Welfare Panel Study(first wave), this study examined that the correlation and differences between income-poverty(minimum cost of living)and housing- poverty(sub-standard housing) and analyzed the effects of living in sub-standard housing conditions on children's school achievement. The findings of the study are as follows. First, there is low correlation between income-poverty and housing-poverty. Second. there is differences of household characteristics between only housing-poverty household and only income-poverty household or income and housing poverty household. Third, living in sub-standard housing conditions has statistically significant negative effect on school achievement even after controlling for income-poverty, sex, self-esteem, adaptation to school life, family type, mother's education, private education cost, rearing behavior. The findings of this study suggest that more active housing policy approach is needed to support development of children living in sub-standard housing conditions. Based on this research, we present needed policies in the conclusion.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.149-166
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• 2002

In this study, 1 have analyzed the state of the use of information technology by the at-risk children who are residing in Husan metropolitan area. The ultimate goal of this study is to help ensure the healthy development of the children and improve the quality of their lives in this information-oriented society. For this research, 1 surveyed 183 children living in an institution or a low-income family in Busan metropolitan area. The survey questionnaire was designed to obtain information on the respondents, socio-demographic characteristics, computer-related conditions of the immediate and social environments, patterns of computer and Internet use, their experience and degree of so called, Net-generation syndrome, Internet addiction disorder, changes in social and familial life caused by Internet use, and exposure to pornographic materials. The results show that 95.9 % of at-risk children in Husan own a computer, 60.9 % of those computers being Pentium Ⅲ. A majority of the children (74.9 %) are connected to Internet at a high-speed, using such devices as LAN, ADSL or cables. About seventy-six percent of the children have used a PC and Internet less than two years. In other words, a majority of them have not used those for a long period of time. The main results of the research are summarized in the following: There is a significant difference among at-risk children in terms of experiences in computer and Internet use according to their grade levels. There is a gender difference in the amount of time spent on computer and Internet. Boys spend more time every week on computer and Internet than girls do. There is a significant difference in the pattern of computer and Internet use, according to the type of their risk, and grade level. The so-called 'Net Generation Syndrome' is not serious in this group. A majority of the at-risk children think that Internet is more interesting than TV. They hardly shop on Internet, and they don think the advertisements on Internet are a serious problem. Also, unlike many people assumptions, their desire to communicate through on-line chatting was very low. They do not tend to buy computer game programs, and Internet Addiction Disorder was not pronounced among them. The at-risk children rarely had an exposure to pornographic materials in the cyber space. However, the exposure was more frequent for institutionalized children than children in low-income families. These results point to a need for a policy to improve the welfare of at-risk children and guarantee their right to information.