• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.96-111
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• 2009

이 글은 '농악(農樂)'과 '풍물(風物)' 두 용어의 합리성과 효용성에 관한 논의이다. 이 글에서 필자는 사료검토를 바탕으로 한 통시적 고찰을 통하여 '농악'과 '풍물'이 어떤 과정을 거쳐 지금에 이르렀는가를 살펴보았다. 조선시대, 일제강점기, 해방 이후부터 현재에 이르기까지의 사료를 인용하여 논의의 역사적 맥락과 근거를 확보하려 하였다. 이러한 역사적 고찰을 기반으로 하여 현재까지 '농악'에 가해진 많은 비판적 논의들을 검토하고 그 오류를 지적하였다. 본론에서는 '농악'을 비판한 의견들에 대한 재반론을 거쳐 최종적으로는 '농악'과 '풍물', '풍물굿'과 '풍물놀이' 등의 용어를 포괄하여 그 의미와 합리성을 검토하였다. '풍물'은 조선시대부터 악기의 의미로 수백 년 동안 사용되어 왔고 현재에도 악기를 가리키는 용어로 사용되고 있다. 이 용어는 역사적 정통성을 고려할 때 공연양식으로서의 '농악'을 나타내는 말이 아니라'농악에 사용되는 악기'를 나타내는 용어로서 매우 합리적이다. '풍물'이 한자말이 아니라 순우리말이라는 주장에는 동의할 만한 논거가 보이지 않으므로 이 말이 한자말이라는 것은 재삼 강조해 둔다. '풍물굿'은 '풍물로 하는 굿'이라는 의미로 글자 그대로 보아서는 나름대로의 합리성은 인정되지만 1980년대 소수의 지식인들이 만들어 낸 신조어라는 약점을 안고 있다. 더구나 현장에서는 거의 사용되지 않는다. '풍물놀이'는 종합예술인 농악을 지칭하기에는 한계가 있다. 놀이, 제의, 연극, 음악, 무용 등이 종합적으로 결합된 농악을 놀이라고 한정하여 이야기할 수는 없기 때문이다. '농악'은 농경사회에서 절대 다수를 차지했던 농민들 스스로가 창조하고 발전시킨 민중적 종합예술이라는 의미가 내포되어 있으며 전통성, 사용빈도, 인지도 등으로 보아서 가장 합리적인 용어라고 판단된다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.30-30
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• 2023

This study aims to establish the multi-reservoir operation system model in the Upper Mun River Basin which includes 5 main dams namely, Mun Bon (MB), Lamchae (LC), Lam Takhong (LTK), Lam Phraphoeng (LPP), and Lower Lam Chiengkrai (LLCK) Dams. The knowledge and AI technology were applied aiming to develop innovative prototype for SMART dam-reservoir operation in future. Two different sorts of reservoir operation system model namely, Fuzzy Logic (FL) and Constraint Programming (CP) as well as the development of rainfall and reservoir inflow prediction models using Machine Learning (ML) technique were made to help specify the right amount of daily reservoir releases for the Royal Irrigation Department (RID). The model could also provide the essential information particularly for the Office of National Water Resource of Thailand (ONWR) to determine the short-term and long-term water resource management plan and strengthen water security against flood and drought in this region. The simulated results of base case scenario for reservoir operation in the Upper Mun from 2008 to 2021 indicated that in the same circumstances, FL and CP models could specify the new release schemes to increase the reservoir water storages at the beginning of dry season of approximately 125.25 and 142.20 MCM per year. This means that supplying the agricultural water to farmers in dry season could be well managed. In other words, water scarcity problem could substantially be moderated at some extent in case of incapability to control the expansion of cultivated area size properly. Moreover, using AI technology to determine the new reservoir release schemes plays important role in reducing the actual volume of water shortfall in the basin although the drought situation at LTK and LLCK Dams were still existed in some periods of time. Meanwhile, considering the predicted inflow and hydrologic factors downstream of 5 main dams by FL model and minimizing the flood volume by CP model could ensure that flood risk was considerably minimized as a result of new release schemes.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.231-252
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• 2018

우리는 현재 경호(警護) 경비(警備)에 관한 용어를 사용함에 있어 오랜 시간 외국의 단어와 어휘를 그대로 인용, 사용하여 왔다. 자국의 언어가 분명 존재하는 데도 불구하고 외국의 용어를 사용하는 것은 그 의미의 전달 면에서 외국적 색체가 짙고, 또한 경호경비의 진정한 뜻과 의미를 미약하게 만들고 있다. 확실하고 뚜렷한 의미의 순수한 우리말로서 독립적으로 표현된 용어가 없을 뿐 더러 그것을 찾는 일을 게을리 하여 외국어를 그대로 수용 사용하고 있음은 우리말의 적절한 경호경비에 관한 용어 선택의 부재(不在)를 불러오게 하였다. 현재 경호경비를 '보안(保安), security'로 포괄적 광범위하게 사용하고 있는 것이 현실이다. 우리고유의 말(한글)에도 경호경비의 뜻과 의미에 부합하는 적절한 단어가 있음에도 영어표기를 그대로 사용하는 것은 용어의 적절성 여부와 상관없이 편의상 사용되고 있다는 점과, 세계화의 흐름 속에 영어권의 힘이 컸기 때문에 용어의 사용에 있어서도 영어를 생각 없이 쓰는 일이 잦아졌으며, 영어를 그대로 사용하는 것이 발달한 문명이나 문화를 누린다고 생각하기 때문이기도 하지만, 이는 곧 우리 국어에 대한 자각이 부족해서 이다. 이러한 실태를 전제로 경호경비의 용어를 순수한 우리말로 찾는 작업이 절실하다고 하겠다. 지금껏 우리는 경계하고 보호하고, 지킨다는 뜻의 용어로 "경호경비, 시큐리티'(Security), guard, protect라는 용어를 사용해 왔다. 경계하고, 지킨다는 의미의 용어로 우리말의 '지킴'이 있다. 지킴은 현재의 안전한 상태를 유지하는 작용을 말한다. 안전한 상태로의 유지를 위해서는 여러 위해로부터 예방과 경계와 보호가 우선되어야 한다. 학교지킴이, 아동안전지킴이, 환경지킴이, 생활 안전지킴 등등처럼 경계하고 보호함을 뜻하는 '지킴'은 이미 여러 곳에서 사용하고 있는 것이 사실이다. 여기에서 지키는 사람을 '지킴이' 라 한다. '지킴이' 란 '지킴' 이라는 단어에 '사람'을 의미하는 우리말 접미사 '이'를 합친 단어다. '지킴'은 감시의 의미와 보존의 의미를 동시에 내포한다. '지킴' 용어와 같이 실효성 있는 용어의 사용 및 현실과 부합된 정서적 용어가 필요하다. 따라서 경호 경비의 용어를 적절한 우리말의 용어로 바꾸었을 때 그 의미와 여러 조건에 모두 부합하는 '지킴' 이란 용어가 적당하다 판단된다.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.51-69
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• 2019

One of the most considerate phenomena of the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the use of digital devices. Digitalization is rapidly advancing through all areas of industry and life. Customer journey with digitalization is looking totally different from previous customer journey. The research targets were users of fashion, automobiles, cosmetics and online shopping malls. We analyzed 300 people for each valid questionnaire. The results of the study are as follows. First, it has been proven that digital experience affects positive (+) impact on purchasing intention and positive (+) impact on recommending intention and negative impact (-) on switching intent and subsequently affects positive impact (+) to purchase and incase of switching intent, negative impact (-) to purchase. Unlike traditional methods such as SPC(Service Profit Chain), the Digital experience to Purchase process Chain (DPC) has been identified to be suitable in the digital age. Second, the digital satisfied group (5 score-very satisfaction) has shown same result as above. However the digital neutral group (even though 4 score- satisfaction in five-point scale), specially in a highly competitive industry, has different from the satisfied group and 3 score-normal is same as dissatisfied group. It means that this group is that If there is a high level of attractiveness of substitute goods, there is a high possibility of switching them. It has supported Jones and Sasser [1995] that there have been two types of loyalty of true long-term loyalty and what we call false loyalty in the highly competitive industry zone which is commoditization or low differentiation, many substitutes, low cost of switching. Identifying true loyalty and false loyalty is crucial to establishing a customer experience strategy. it is necessary to actively utilize long-term digital experiences strategy to increase the total satisfaction of digital experience through all of customer purchasing journey in order to enhance the digital customer experience. It is difficult to see the effect as a one-time event. It should be scaled over the entire customer purchase process over a long period of time, which can positively affect purchase intention, recommendation intention, and conversion intention. This is also why it is difficult for second-runners to overtake first-runners in a short period.

• 한국문헌정보학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.43-71
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• 1975

Operations research has developed rapidly since its origins in World War II. Practitioners of O. R. have contributed to almost every aspect of government and business. More recently, a number of operations researchers have turned their attention to library and information systems, and the author believes that significant research has resulted. It is the purpose of this essay to introduce the library audience to some of these accomplishments, to present some of the author's hypotheses on the subject of library management to which he belives O. R. has great potential, and to suggest some future research directions. Some problem areas in librianship where O. R. may play a part have been discussed and are summarized below. (1) Library location. It is usually necessary to make balance between accessibility and cost In location problems. Many mathematical methods are available for identifying the optimal locations once the balance between these two criteria has been decided. The major difficulties lie in relating cost to size and in taking future change into account when discriminating possible solutions. (2) Planning new facilities. Standard approaches to using mathematical models for simple investment decisions are well established. If the problem is one of choosing the most economical way of achieving a certain objective, one may compare th althenatives by using one of the discounted cash flow techniques. In other situations it may be necessary to use of cost-benefit approach. (3) Allocating library resources. In order to allocate the resources to best advantage the librarian needs to know how the effectiveness of the services he offers depends on the way he puts his resources. The O. R. approach to the problems is to construct a model representing effectiveness as a mathematical function of levels of different inputs(e.g., numbers of people in different jobs, acquisitions of different types, physical resources). (4) Long term planning. Resource allocation problems are generally concerned with up to one and a half years ahead. The longer term certainly offers both greater freedom of action and greater uncertainty. Thus it is difficult to generalize about long term planning problems. In other fields, however, O. R. has made a significant contribution to long range planning and it is likely to have one to make in librarianship as well. (5) Public relations. It is generally accepted that actual and potential users are too ignorant both of the range of library services provided and of how to make use of them. How should services be brought to the attention of potential users? The answer seems to lie in obtaining empirical evidence by controlled experiments in which a group of libraries participated. (6) Acquisition policy. In comparing alternative policies for acquisition of materials one needs to know the implications of each service which depends on the stock. Second is the relative importance to be ascribed to each service for each class of user. By reducing the level of the first, formal models will allow the librarian to concentrate his attention upon the value judgements which will be necessary for the second. (7) Loan policy. The approach to choosing between loan policies is much the same as the previous approach. (8) Manpower planning. For large library systems one should consider constructing models which will permit the skills necessary in the future with predictions of the skills that will be available, so as to allow informed decisions. (9) Management information system for libraries. A great deal of data can be available in libraries as a by-product of all recording activities. It is particularly tempting when procedures are computerized to make summary statistics available as a management information system. The values of information to particular decisions that may have to be taken future is best assessed in terms of a model of the relevant problem. (10) Management gaming. One of the most common uses of a management game is as a means of developing staff's to take decisions. The value of such exercises depends upon the validity of the computerized model. If the model were sufficiently simple to take the form of a mathematical equation, decision-makers would probably able to learn adequately from a graph. More complex situations require simulation models. (11) Diagnostics tools. Libraries are sufficiently complex systems that it would be useful to have available simple means of telling whether performance could be regarded as satisfactory which, if it could not, would also provide pointers to what was wrong. (12) Data banks. It would appear to be worth considering establishing a bank for certain types of data. It certain items on questionnaires were to take a standard form, a greater pool of data would de available for various analysis. (13) Effectiveness measures. The meaning of a library performance measure is not readily interpreted. Each measure must itself be assessed in relation to the corresponding measures for earlier periods of time and a standard measure that may be a corresponding measure in another library, the 'norm', the 'best practice', or user expectations.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2014

Patients with disabilities are a significant segment of Korea population. However, they encounter more challenges when seeking dental care. So, dentists and students who are future dental providers should have a responsibility to provide oral care services for them. In this study, we hypothesize that the education of special care dentistry may influence positive attitudes of the disabled. The attitudes are influenced by demographic variables such as gender, religion, experience of volunteer activities and marital status. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the change of attitudes of students towards people with disabilities between before and after class of special care dentistry. 72 students enrolled at the Kyung Hee University were surveyed. All participants attended class of Special Care dentistry in the third grade. The survey was conducted two times, just before class and after class. The attitudes of students were assessed using the well-documented ATDP (Attitude Toward Disabled Person)-O(Original) scale and MAS (Multidimensional Attitudes Scales Toward Persons with Disabilities) scale through the methodology of questionnaires. The results indicated that gender, experience of volunteer activities and marital status did not affect their ATDP and MAS score. In religious affiliation, only, there were statistically significant difference in student attitudes between before and after class of Special care dentistry. It means that habitual religious activity may offer stronger effects on student's attitude than short-term education. Therefore, long-term and specific educational experiences are needed to promote positive attitudes for people with disability.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.103-126
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• 2009

This study aims to discover historical trends and change of form of all stupas in India with observation of field study that is as direct as possible, by classifying, analyzing, and synthesizing the stupas. Study of Indian stupa in Korea has a number of shortcomings since only introductory partial approach has been made in order to seek the origin of Korean pagoda. This study also aims to correct errors of stupa terminology in Chinese character committed by misinterpretation of Hindi language which was established by precedent Japanese scholars several decades ago. Piled-up stupas were totally destroyed by pagans, therefore their remains tell us only of structure, material, sizeand disposition. However remains of carved stone at torana and drum give us clues as to the original form of stupa and worshipping activity, as well as change to a more luxurious form. Many rock cave stupas of India show us both simple forms matching the ascetic age of early Buddhism and luxurious changes in Mahayanan era introducing us to statues of Buddha. Indians recovered the spheric form of 'anda,' a Hindi term meaning cosmic egg, from the hemispheric form of the piled-up stupa. Therefore we might discard the erratic term of 'bokbal', which means an upset vessel. Railings and parasols became main factors of stupa design. Carved railings around stupa became a sign of divinity. Serious worshipping activity made drums long or high and created multi-embossed stripes. Bases of circular drums of some cave stupas changed their shapes to rectangular or octagonal. Single parasols became multiparasols of affluent flowerlike curved stems on carved stupa. Multistoried, elongated and high parasols of Gandhara stupas are closely related to such factors as diverse changes of form in Indian subcontinent. Four-sided torana gate and ayaka column of the circular form of original stupas suggest the rectangular form of subsequent East Asian pagoda, and higher and wider base of Indian stupas became the origin of East Asian rectangular pagoda.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.397-405
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• 1994

Minocline Strip(MS), a local drug delivery developed as a controlling means for microoragnisms in gingival wound and periodontitis, was implanted in the gingiva of experimental animals. The toxic effects and biodegradation of MS were studied in respect to pathological changes induced in gingival tissue. The experimental animals treated with MS had not showed significant difference in symptom, body weights, feed and water intake, and blood analysis throughout 150 days of experimental period, but revealed significantly increased values of total WBC counts and AST (SGOT) on the 7th day, compared with controls. The treated animals revealed petechial hemorrhage and severe edema accompanying degeneration and necrosis of damaged muscle fibers around the surgical wound, but no local inflammatory reaction and concerned lesions were found. The implanted MS became encapsulated by thin connective tissue, and its size and color diminished gradually according to the experimental term. The MS-like material appeared in the nearby lymphatics on the 110th day. The implated MS remained as fine granular particles or disappeared on the 130th day, and the decrease of its volume and density were variable depending on each individual. These results indicate that long-term implantation of MS may not produce inflammation or toxic effects, and eventually lead to complete biodegradation.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.19-37
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• 2002

Objectives : This study sought to define autonomic functional difference on heart rate variability between headache patients and normal subjects Methods : We determined, heart rate variability of 52 headache patients and 30 normal subjects by means of three time domain measures: Mean PR(mean pulse rate), SDNN(standard deviation of all normal R-R intervals), RMSSD(the square root of the mean of sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals), and five frequency domain measures: TP(total power), VLF(very low frequency), LF(low frequency), HF(high frequency). Results : 1) RMSSD, TP, HF, HF Norm of HRV decreased with aging and LF Norm, LF/HF increased with aging in headache patients. 2) There was no significant differences between migraine and tention headache in any standard index of HRV, whereas, HRV of total headache patients were smaller than those of normal subjects. 3) In the gender comparison, SDNN, RMSSD, HF of tention headache patients were the smallest and then migraine patients, normal subjects in order with man, whereas, LF Norm, LF/HF of normal subjects were the smallest with man. RMSSD of migraine patients were the smallest and then tention headache patients, normal subjects in order with women. 4) In the term of history of headache patients, SDNN, RMSSD were getting lower as long term. 5) There was no significant differences of HRV in physical symptom of headache patients. Conclusions : All of these results show that standard index of HRV of headache patients were significantly different with normal subjects.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2006

21세기 산업에서 승부처는 문화산업이다. 따라서 한국은 문화콘텐츠산업에 많은 기대와 투자를 하고 있으며, 그 발전 가능성은 (1)정보통신 인프라, (2)디지털 컨버전스, (3)풍부한 문화유산과 정부의 정책의지에서 엿볼 수 있다. 그러나 한국의 문화콘텐츠산업은 미국과 일본과 같이 균질화 되지 않고, 부분적 고도성장을 하여 안정적이지 못하여, 단기적인 성장은 가능하나 장기적으로 지속적인 발전을 기대하기 어렵다. 따라서 이를 보다 효과적으로 문화콘텐츠산업을 활성화 방안의 하나가 장보드리야르의 시뮬라크르 이론이다. 그리고 장보드리야르가 말하는 가장 완벽한 시뮬라크르의 형태인 디즈니랜드 등을 통하여, 한국의 문화콘텐츠산업에 필요한 궁극적인 시뮬라크르를 고찰하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다.