• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 1997

The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of DWP20373, a novel fluoroquinolone, were examined in rats and beagle dogs after a single intravenous and oral administration. Analysis of DWP20373 in plasma, tissue, and urine was performed by both HPLC and microbiological assay. The plasma drug concentration declined biexponentially both rats and beagle dogs. In the rats, the terminal drug elimination half-life (t$_{1}$2$\beta$/) was 64 min (IV) and 57 min (PO) by bioassay, and 76 min (IV) and 77 min (PO) by HPLC. Whereas in beagle dogs, t$_{1}$2$\beta$/ was 196 min (IV) and 350 min (PO). The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd$_{ss}$ ) was 811 ml/kg (bioassay) and 2061 ml/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 2738 ml/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs. The total body clearance (Cl$_{t}$) of DWP20373 was 10 ml/min/kg (bioassay) and 7 ml/min/kg (HPLC) in rats, and 11 m1/min/kg (bioassay) in beagle dogs. The extent of bioavailability after oral administration was 49% (bioassay) and 67% (HPLC) in rats, and 84% (bioassay) in beagle dogs. The 24-h urinary recovery, measured by bioassay, was 2.7% after oral dosing and 5.5% after intravenous dosing in rats. Serum protein binding ratio determined at 27g/ml was 78%. This drug was also distributed in tissues in the decreasing order of liver, kidney, spleen, lung, heart, and muscle determined at 30 min after oral administration.on.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.635-645
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• 1994

The environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a significant hygenic problem. Recently it is said the garlic supplementation in diet have protective effect on the heavy metal accumulation in tissue of rat by a researcher. In this study two experiments were undertaken. Firstly, dogs were fed diet supplemented with cadmium of cadmium plus 7% of raw garlic for 50 days. on the 50th day of experiment all dogs were euthanasied and the cadmium content of various tissue were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method. Secondly, in order to find out the toxic effect of garlic dogs were fed diet supplemented with 7% of raw garlic for 50 days and hematological or hematochemical observations were undertaken at 10 day intervals. The results obtained from these experiments were summarized as follows; 1. In dogs treated with cadmium and cadmium plus garlic cadmium was accumulated in renal cortex, liver, and muscle. However the concentrations of cadmium showed no significant between the two group. 2. In dogs fed diets supplemented with 7% of raw garlic significant decrease of erythrocyte count, packed cell volume and hemoglobin content and significant increase of Heinz body erythrocyte and reticulocyte count were recognized. 3. The garlic-treated dogs and control dogs had normal asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphotase, blood urea nitrogen value. The value showed no significant difference between the two group. 4. From these results it may be concluded that the garlic have protective effect for cadmium accmulation in tissue and excess garlic in diet could induce hemolytic anemia in dogs.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.117-133
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate anti-thrombotic effects of Hyulbuchukeotanggamibang(HBCT). Methods: It was measured the effects which was given to blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Results: 1. HBCT showed a safety in toxicity of liver. 2. In experiment of anti-thrombotic effect, HBCT inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP and epinephrine, collagen, arachidonic acid as compared with the control group. 3. HBCT inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine (inhibitory rate is 50%). 4. HBCT increased platelet number and fibrinogen amount significantly and also HBCT shortened PT and APTT significantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. 5. HBCT increased blood flow rate insignificantly as compared with the control group in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that HBCT can be used for treating diverse female diseases caused by thrombosis.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2009

This book was completed in the 33rd year of Gang-hui-gapsul(康熙 甲戌) in the Cheong(淸) dynasty(1694), and was first inscribed in the 55th year of Geonryung(乾隆). In this first edition named 'Daechudangbon(大雅堂本)', his descendant Jinbonghui(陳鳳輝) wrote the postscript. There are also other editions such as 'Ga-gyeong-ganchwihyeondangbon(嘉慶間聚賢堂本)', 'Wimundanggeonsangbon(緯文堂巾箱本)' and 'Guangseo-ganseonseongdangbon(光緒間善成堂本)' Second, this book was called "Oe-gwabirok(外科秘錄)" and used the pen name 'Gibaekchunsasojeon(岐伯天師所傳)'. There are 16 volumes in total. The beginning of volume one, is a drawing of the 14 meridians. Volumes 1$\sim$4 are on the symptoms and treatment of abscesses and sores and ulcers[癰疽瘡瘍]. Volumes 5$\sim$13 are on surgery, dermatology and 156 diseases such as wounds by contusion, sharp objects and insects and beasts[跌撲, 金刃, 蟲獸傷]. Volumes 14$\sim$16 list the internal treatments, external medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion and surgery of sores and ulcers. Third, the book stressed early detection and treatment of diseases, emphasized inner resolving[內消] being cautious about using medicine, and further deepened the syndrome differentiation and treatment[辨證施治] of sores and ulcers[瘡瘍] by dividing fire toxin(火毒) into Eumhwa and Yanghwa(陰火/陽火). Also, it established the cause of sores and ulcers development as the deficiency of Gi(氣) and blood[血] and focused especially on the liver and kidney's involvement in the process. It also asserted that the pathogen[邪] is the tip[標], so one should eliminate and reinforce[攻補] to balance it out. The sore and ulcer surgery[瘡瘍外科] part is mostly based on detoxifying[解毒] and resolving[消散]. Although the meridians were mentioned, they were not emphasized, while moxibustion treatment of sores and ulcers[瘡瘍] were thoroughly analyzed. Also, of all 550 formulas in this book, 90% are experience-based which frequently use Geum-eunhwa(金銀花), Pogong-yeong(蒲公英) and Jahwajijeong(紫花地丁). The usages are unique, and the formulas have good adaptability. The symptoms of the diseases are explained first, followed by according main and sub treatments.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17
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• pp.281-287
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• 2001

The Artichoke extract at 10% was used to add in drinking water to understand its effect on Aflatoxicosis of chickens. The Artichoke extract at the dose of 6 ml per liter of drinking water was given (experiment group) or not (control group) and to Hybro chickens (150 birds), during the first 49 days of life. Also, the chickens were fed with foodstuff containing 200 ppb or 500 ppb Aflatoxin $B_1$. Results showed that, the chickens having Artichoke extract: (1) Had overcome the growth retardation caused by the toxin at concentration of 200 ppb and 500 ppb of Aflatoxin $B_1$ (an addittonal weight gain of about 200-400 g/bird). (2) The feed conversion was improved (a reduction of 200-400 g of feed per kg of bird living weight). (3) Aflatoxicosis lesions were mild in the chickens, which fed 500 ppb of Aflatoxin $B_1$ or not found in those having the toxin 200 ppb. The blood examinations at 28th and 49th days of the trial gave the following results: (1) The Artichoke extract had an effect of suppressing the changes of blood cell numbers, hemoglobin amount. packed cell volume. leukocyte formula that were caused by Aflatoxin $B_1$. (2) The Artichoke extract had an effect of suppressing the diminution oj sugar, protein levels and the increase of the levels of GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin in the blood of intoxicated chickens. There was not or very Jew residue of Aflatoxin $B_1$ contained in the liver and muscle of chickens intoxicated by Aflatoxin $B_1$ having Artichoke, that was much lower than the allowed level in animal products.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.165-172
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• 2007

Glycyrrhizae Radix, the dried roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra or Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer(Legumino-sae), has been used as a medicine for treatment of imflammation, arthritis, respiratory ailment, skin diseases and liver problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 70% ethanol extract, 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrol and carbenoxolone disodium from Glycyrrhizae Radix on gastritis and gastric cancer. Using these materials, we tested antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, antigastritic activity for HCI-ethanol-induced gastric lesion and the pylorus ligated gastric secretion with rats, and cell viability in gastric cancer cell. 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid and carbenoxolone disodium decreased the volume of gastric secretion and acid output in pylorus ligated rats. Also, carbenoxolone disodium had a strong effect of antibacterial activity on H. pylori. In addition 18-${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid and glycyrol reduced cell viability in human gastric cancer cells(AGS and SNU638 cell) in dose-dependent manner. The reduction of total acid output and gastric secretion as well as the anti-bacterial activity against H. pylori might account for the antigastritic effects of carbenoxolone disodium.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.188-207
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• 2018

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printing of biological tissues and organ has become an attractive interdisciplinary research topic that combines a broad range of fields including engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics, and medicine. The 3D bioprinting can be used to produce complex tissue engineering scaffolds based on computer designs obtained from patient-specific anatomical data. It is a powerful tool for building structures by printing cells together with matrix materials and biochemical factors in spatially predefined positions within confined 3D structures. In the field of the 3D bioprinting, three major categories of the 3D bioprinting include the stereolithography-based, inkjet-based, and dispensing-based bioprinting. Some of them have made significant process. Each technique has its own advantages and limitations. Compared with non-biological printing, the 3D bioprinting should consider additional complexities: biocompatibility, degradability of printing materials, cell types, cell growth, cell viability, and cell proliferation factors. Numerous 3D bioprinting technologies have been proposed, and some of them have been making great progress in printing several tissues including multilayered skin, cartilaginous structures, bone, vasculature even heart and liver. This review summarizes basic principles and key aspects of some frequently utilized printing technologies, and introduces current challenges, and prospects in the 3D bioprinting.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.628-636
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a risk factor of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Estrogen deprivation has been suggested to cause alteration of lipid metabolism thereby creating a cellular microenvironment favoring tumor growth. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of estrogen depletion in combination with excess energy supply on breast tumor development. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated C3H/HeN mice at 4 wks were provided with either a normal diet or a high-fat diet (HD) for 16 weeks. Breast tumors were induced by administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene once a week for six consecutive weeks. RESULTS: Study results showed higher serum concentrations of free fatty acids and insulin in the OVX+HD group compared to other groups. The average tumor volume was significantly larger in OVX+HD animals than in other groups. Expressions of mammary tumor insulin receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin proteins as well as the ratio of pAKT/AKT were significantly increased, while pAMPK/AMPK was decreased in OVX+HD animals compared to the sham-operated groups. Higher relative expression of liver fatty acid synthase mRNA was observed in OVX+HD mice compared with other groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that excess energy supply affects the accelerated mammary tumor growth in estrogen deprived mice.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.232-236
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• 2005

Background: A physically active lifestyle and regular exercise training incurs many health benefits. One recently recognized benefit of regular moderate exercise is stress reduction and immune enhancement. Thus, a physical stress such as exercise may act at any number of points in the complex sequence of events collectively termed the immune response. Although exercise causes many propound changes in parameters of immune function, the nature and magnitude of such changes rely on several factors including the immune parameters of interest; type, intensity, and duration of exercise; fitness level or exercise history of the subject; environmental factors such as ambient temperature and humidity. Methods: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of different type of exercise on superoxide dismutase (SOD), neutrophils, and T lymphocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups; a non-Trained group (NTG, n=6), a swim-Trained group (STG), and a treadmill-Trained group (TTG). The exercise regimen was designed in a treadmill (5 times/5 days/week) during 8-weeks for TTG, and swim training (5 times/5 days/week) during 8-weeks for STG, and the volume of exercise training was the same in both groups. Results: 8 weeks of regular swim and treadmill training significantly increased liver SOD concentration however, muscle SOD concentration was not statistically significant. In the level of neutrophils, TTG and STG showed significant difference, compared to NTG. TTG was the highest level of neutrophils. In the level of immune cell counts, there was significant difference among TTG, STG, and NTG both in the spleen and thymus. Conculsion: In conclusion, it can be stated that eight weeks swim and treadmill exercise training has beneficial effect in improving immune response and antioxidant defence capacity by augmenting immune cells and SOD activities of SD rats.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.92-97
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• 2004

Posttranplantations lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a common and life-threatening complication for soid organ transplantation associated with the use of chronic immunosuppression and Epstein-Barr virus. There is no standardized treatment algorithm, but numerous management strategies are vaiable. Partial splenic embolization (PSE) had been demonstrated to be an effetive alternatie to splenectomy for patients hypersplenism and portal hypertension. PSE has the advantages of non-invasive intervention and resolution of the complications of hypersplenism. We report the effect of the PSE in a 6-year old male liver transplantation recepient with PTLD who has undergone persistent hypersplenism post-transplant. We reduced immunosuppression agent, started antiviral agent. We started with interferon and IV globulin one month after admission. Hepatosplenomegaly and cervical lymphadenopathy were improved. But fever was not subside. We selectively embolized the lower pole of the spleen to achieve a 50~60% reduction in flow as determined by angiography. After embolization, fever subside and peripheral blood findings were improved. Follow up abdominal CT revealed reduced volume of spleen due to ischemic change and there was no multiple enlarged mesenteric lymphnode compared to preembolization state. We thick that PSE is a safe an effetive treatment modality of PTLD with persistent hypersplenism in patients twho failed to medical treatment.