• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.535-541
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• 2013

The urbanization affects significantly on a natural water circulation system by increasing the imperviousness rate. It is also negatively affecting on urban temperature, environmental pollution, water quality, and aqua-ecosystems. The Korea MOE (Ministry of Environment) adapted a new environmental policy in order to reduce the impact of urbanization, which is the Green Stormwater Infrastructure (GSI) program. The GSI can be achieved by protecting conservable green spaces, enlarging more green spaces, and constructing more permeable pavements. The GSI is including many different techniques such as bioretention, rain garden, infiltration trench and so on. Also It is the infrastructures using natural mechanisms of soils, microorganisms, plants and animals on a water circulation system and pollutant reduction. In this research, a multi functional GSI technology with infiltration-filtration mechanisms has been developed and performed lab-scale tests to evaluate the performances about infiltration rate restoration and pollutant reduction. The most of pollutants including metals, organics and particulates were reduced about 50~90% due to water infiltration and storage functions. The clogging was found when the TSS loading rate was reached on $8.3{\sim}9.0kg/m^2$, which value is higher than the values in literatures. It means the new technology can show high performances with low maintenances.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.59-86
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• 2005

This study examined whether the efforts of department store for recovering services may be perceived fairly from the standpoint of customers upon any occurrence of service failure, whether such perceived justice contributes to higher customer satisfaction and trust, and whether such customer satisfaction and trust have positive influence on store loyalty of customers, respectively. For this sake, this study investigated relevant literatures, set up some hypotheses to solve main questionable considerations and made a corresponding empirical analysis. For empirical analysis, a questionnaire survey was applied to total 204 customers who experienced in service recovery around domestic major department stores in the last one(1) year. With regard to empirical analysis to verify some hypotheses hereof, this study verified the reliability and validity of each questionnaire item by means of statistical programs like SPSS 10,0 and AMOS 4.0, followed by verifying hypotheses through SEM(structural equation modeling) analysis. These results indicate that positive efforts of department stores for service recovery upon their service failure may bring customer satisfaction and trust in department store, which result in boosting up store loyalty of customers. In this empirical study, it was notably demonstrated that despite any occurrence of service failure, the corresponding efforts of department stores to improve the level of justice perceived by customers in course of service recovery, had positive effects on better customer satisfaction, trust and store loyalty, and these effects induced customer's continuous repurchase, positive WOM(word of mouth) and recommendation about the use of appropriate department store, which may contribute to better its competitive edge.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.68-89
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• 1993

This study was conducted to develop a model of a fee schedule for nursing services.'Regardless of the demand for skilled and professional nursing service today, the Korean health insurance system does not furnish a chapter for the nursing service fee schedule. A nation-wide survey of hospital nursing service fee schedules was to provide practical and realistic data about how the variety of nursing services are being charged. From September 1990 to April 1991, data from the fee schedule used by twenty hospitals located in eight large cities which are designated large medical regions in the Korea Health Care and Patient Referral System were collected. Nursing services and the fees charged for them were analyzed. The nursing services were subjected to a secondary analysis with referrence to reports on “nursing services to be charged in Korea”. The total number of nursing services recommended by the literatures was 177 : finally 141 types of nursing services were selected by investigator as chargable nursing services. In addition, data on managerial characteristics of the hospitals were collected to discover influential variables for a nursing fee schedule model. Under the assumption that all the managerial characteristics of the hospitals influenced the fee schedule, the following model was tested : Fee of nursing services (C) = f(A₁, A₂, A₃, A₄, A/sub 5/, A/sub 6/, A/sub 7/, A/sub 8/,) When, A₁ = number of nurses A₂ = the first salary of a nurse educated in a four year A₃ = scale of nursing management division A₄ = location of the hospital A/sub 5/ = the type of hospital management (profit / non-profit) A/sub 6/ = number of hospital beds A/sub 7/ = years of hospital operation A/sub 8/ = number and kinds of clinical divisions The results showed that the model should be built as follows : C = f (A₁, A/sub 4/, A/sub 5/) Each nursing service was applied to the fee schedule with consideration for the professional level and time-taken to provide the services. Detailed fee schedules were presented in the related tables. Of the 141 kinds of nursing services, 24.8% were chargeble to the Korea Health Insurance, 32.6％ of the nursing services were being paid directly by the patienty. The rest of nursing services (42.6％) were not being charged to any source. It was recommened that the Korea Health Insurance Reimbursement system should add a classification system for nursing services that can be used in the national health care program. Further study is needed about how to include 32.6% of the nursing services now being paid for directly by the patients in the health insurance system.

• Journal of Information Management
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.47-69
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• 2010

Open innovation is a phenomenon that has been widely accepted by both practice and theory over the last few years. On the contrary, partner relationships have attracted little attention while the open innovation could not be emerged without the link to partners. This paper identifies and evaluates a framework for the partner relationships and open innovation processes. Based on the literatures regarding open innovation and partner relationships, we propose the framework of matrix type. We present results based on 352 open innovation cases reported during 2002-2009, and each case is classified into 5 different categories of the framework. JV-C(Joint Venture relationship & Coupled process) archetype has dominated the cases with 178 cases(50.6%) where JV-O(Joint Venture relationship & Outside-In process) follows JV-C with 124 cases(35.2%). No significant change has been found in the number of cases after 2003 when open innovation firstly suggested. However, the number sharply increases in 2009 by boom in JV-C and JV-O. These results show the importance of partner relationships and preference toward Joint Venture relationship in open innovation, while the conventional approaches has just focused on value-chain partnership. We find remarkable collaboration cases contributed by universities and government invested research centers, so the role of non-profit R&D organizations has also been discussed.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2004

This study deals with free vibrations of laminated composite structures with a channel section using finite element method. In this paper, the mixed finite element method using Lagrangian and Hermite interpolation functions is adopted and a high-order plate theory is used to analyze laminated composite non-prismatic folded plates with a channel section more accurately for free vibration. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear stress and requires no shear correction factors supposed in the first-order plate theory. An 32×32 matrix is assembled to transform the system element matrices from the local to global coordinates using a coordinate transformation matrix, in which an eighth drilling degree of freedom (DOF) per node is appended to the existing 7-DOF system. The results in this study are compared with those of available literatures for the conventional and first-order plate theory. Sample studies are carried out for various layup configurations and length-thickness ratio, and geometric shapes of plates. The significance of the high-order plate theory in analyzing complex composite structures with a channel section is enunciated in this paper.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.113-132
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• 2007

Price rigidity involves prices that do not change with the regularity predicted by standard economic theory. It is of long-standing interest for firms, industries and the economy as a whole. However, due to the difficulty of measuring price rigidity and price adjustments directly, only a few studies have attempted to provide empirical evidence for explanatory theories from Economics and Marketing. This paper proposes and validates a research model to examine different theories of price rigidity and to predict what variables can explain the observed empirical regularities and variations in price adjustment patterns of Internet-based retailers. I specify and test a model using more than 3 million daily observations on 385 books, 118 DVDs and 154 CDs, sold by 22 Internet-based retailers that were collected over a 676-day period from March 2003 to February 2005. I obtained a number of interesting findings from the estimation of our logit model. First, quality seems to play a role-I find that both price levels as proxies for store quality, and information on the quality of a product consumers have, affect online price rigidity. Second, greater competition(i.e., less industry concentration) leads to less price rigidity(i.e., more price changes) on the Internet. I also find that Internet-based sellers more frequently change the prices of popular products, and the sellers with broader product coverage change prices less frequently, which seem due to economic forces faced by these Internet-based sellers. To the best of my knowledge, this research is the first to empirically assess price rigidity patterns for multiple industries in Internet-based retailing, and attempt to explain the variation in these patterns. I found that price changes are more likely to be driven by quality, competitive and economic considerations. These results speak to both the IS and economics literatures. To the IS literature these results suggest we take economic considerations into account in more sophisticated ways. The existence and variation in price rigidity argue that simplistic assumptions about frictionless and completely flexible digital prices do not capture the richness of pricing behavior on the Internet. The quality, competitive and economic forces identified in this model suggest promising directions for future theoretical and empirical work on their role in these technologically changing markets. To the economics literature these results offer new evidence on the sources of price rigidity, which can then be incorporated into the development of models of pricing at the firm, industry and even macro-economic level of analysis. It also suggests that there is much to be learned through interdisciplinary research between the IS, economics and related business disciplines.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.103-110
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• 1999

A thromboembolic event in patients later given a diagnosis of cancer is the result rather than the cause of the cancer. The risk of hidden cancer is significantly higher for patients with recurrent idiopathic thromboembolism compared to those with secondary deep vein thrombosis. Microemboli from hepatic or adrenal metastases and large-sized emboli from the great veins invaded by the tumor are the sources of tumor embolization The intraarterial tumor emboli less likely invade the arterial wall. Thrombus formation and organization may be capable of destroying tumor cells within pulmorlary blood vessels. Therefore, all tumor emboli are not true metastases. The treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with cancer consists of anticoagulation with heparin and warfarin, venacaval filters, appropriate anti-neoplastic agents, and surgical methods(embolectomy, thromboendarterectomy). However, considerable literatures suggest that oral anticoagulant such as warfarin is ineffective in the treatment of those. We report a case of primary unknown squamous cell carcinoma incidentally found in the thrombus after pulmonary embolectomy.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2007

Purpose: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is known to accelerate and/or enhance hard and soft tissue healing and regeneration. As such, PRP has been used in various clinical fields of surgery. Recently there have been several attempts to use PRP in the field of tissue engineering. However, some controversies still exist on exact mechanism and benefits of PRP. Therefore various animal experiments are necessary to reveal the effect of the PRP. However, even if animal experiment is performed, the efficacy of the experiment could not be validated due to absence of an animal PRP model. The purpose of this study is to establish rat PRP model by comparing several PRP fabricating methods, and to assay growth factor concentration in the PRP. Materials and methods: Rat blood samples were collected from nine SD rat (body weight: 600-800g). PRP was prepared using three different PRP fabricating methods according to previously reported literatures. (Method 1: 800 rpm, 15 minute, single centrifuge; Method 2: 1000 rpm, 10 minute, double centrifuge; Method 3: 3000 rpm, 4min and 2500 rpm, 8 min, double centrifuge). Platelet counts were evaluated in an automated machine before and after PRP fabrications. In terms of growth factor assay, prepared PRP were activated with 100 unit thrombin and 10% calcium chloride. Growth factor (PDGF-BB, VEGF) concentrations on incubation time were determined by sandwich-ELISA technique. Results: An average of 3ml (via infraorbital venous plexus) to 15ml (via celiac axis) the rat blood could be collected. By using Method 3 (3000 rpm, 4 min and 2500 rpm, 8 min, double centrifugation), around 1.5ml of PRP could be prepared. This method allowed us to concentrate platelet 3.77-fold on average. PDGF-BB concentration (mean, 1942.10 pg/ml after 1 hour incubation) and VEGF concentration (mean, 952.71 pg/ml after 1 hour incubation) in activated PRP were higher than those in untreated blood. Also PDGF-BB showed constant concentration during 4-hour incubation, while VEGF concentration was decreased after 1 hour. Conclusion: Total 11,000 g minute separation and condensation double centrifuge method can produce efficient platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma activated with thrombin has showed higher concentrations of growth factors such as PDGF-BB and VEGF, compared to the control group. Platelet-rich plasma model in a rat model was confirmed in this study.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Purpose: We evaluated the complications of allograft reconstruction after a bone tumor resection, and reviewed literatures to overcome such complications. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical records and radiographs of fifteen patients in whom reconstruction with allograft after bone tumor resection. Results: Eight patients were men and seven were women with a mean age of 27.1 years (1-56 years) and a mean follow-up period of 89.5 months (33-165 months). All postoperative complications related to the allograft were recorded. Twenty patients (80.0%) obtained a radiologic bony union at a mean of 8.35 months (4-12 months). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 73.5% (46.6-93.0%). Nine patients (60.0%) experienced one event and 3 (20.0%) patients experienced multiple events during the follow-up period. Recorded events were infection (3), fracture (2), nonunion (2), limb length discrepancy (2) and varus deformity (2). The mean event free survival period was 60.8 months (6-144 months). The mean allograft survival period was 80.2 months and the 5 year survival rate of the allografts was 83.0%. Conclusion: In order to overcome complications, the combination of an allograft and vascularized fibular graft is highly recommended. In the near future, the tissue engineering technique, the application of the stem cell and PRP, could reduce the complication of allograft such as resorption and nonunion.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.15-36
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• 1996

It is clear that the women's participation in social activity is dramatically increased in civilian field as well as military profession. Because of the characteristics of military nursing service, there are many difficulties. Frequent move, medical insurance, baby care. and the education are typical forms of difficulties for nurse officers in the military. The purpose of this research is to contribute to the perfect execution of nursing service. guarantee the active attitude for research and improve the combat strength by solving those private and economic problems. The method of research was analysis of question survey and the review of related literatures. The subject of research was 300 active nurse officers who work at the Army Hospitals. The survey was conducted 14 days from Oct 15 to Oct 28. The collected data was processed by computer using SPSS(Statistical Package of Social Science). Frequencies and percentages were used to examine the demographic characteristics of subject, and T-test was also used in the case of necessity. The result showed as follows; As the general characteristics of subject group; 28.7 years of average age, 73.6 months of service period, 63.4% of married. In regard of specialty; General 57.7%. Intensive Care 12.7% and Psychiatries 8.8%. The dissatisfactory factors about military welfare system were the difficulties in children education (36.9%). disadvantages on the civil medical insurance system (27.3%), and little chance of self education and development (21.5%). The problems in performing their duties were shown as dwelling instability due to frequent move (67.7%), and bring up children (14.2%). The reasons for resigning their job were shown as the instability of living status (64.2%), bring up children (18.8%) and dissatisfaction to the service (11.2%). The residential status was shown that military offered houses (45.2%), rental houses (29.3%) and own houses(14.64). The average numbers of moving residencies were; 3-4 time(34.6%), less than 2 times(33.1%), and 5-7 times(21.5%). Higher than 94.7% of the subject group spent more than 50.000 Won. In regard of education, they wanted to attend graduate school with their own expense(26.2%), computer science(20%) and Office Job Training(20%). The ways of taking care of children were mother-in-low(49.6%), mother(14.6%), and others(25%). The average expenditure per month for children were 20-30 hundred Won(44.2%), 10-20 hundred Won(25%) and 30-40 hundred Won(22.3%). The places of children care selected were public or occupational care center(56.2%), religious organization(20.8%), and other center managed by social organizations(10.4%). The result of survey for general welfare of nurse officers are as follows; By and large they seem to be satisfied with their job. however. there are some dissatisfactory factors. They are children care facilties, promotion. income. welfare facilities. disadvantage in medical insurance and civil hospitals. house purchase. unfair chances in specialty training. influence on promotion by educational status. and insufficient role for their children and husbands. As conclusion. the recommendations for improving nursing service are as follows; 1. Children care center managed by occupation 2. Dormitory system for children by military personnel 3. Equal opportunities in education according to ability 4. Reasonable moving price according to the distance and scope of family and extra allowance