• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.8
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• pp.13-21
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• 1988

For the improvement of productivity of Pleurotus ostreatus, the production of liquid spawn was studied. The highest liquid spawn production was obtained after shaking culture for 4 days in the culture medium containing 5%(W/V) wheat flour, 0.2%(W/V) yeast extract, 0.1%(W/V)$KNO_3$ 0.05% (W/V) $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05%(W/V) $KH_2PO_4$. The optimum pH and temperature was 7.0 ana $30^{\circ}C$. The period required to complete the mycelial growth after spawning were 28, 22, 10 and 9 days, respectively, when the 2%(V/V) of solid spawn and 2%(V/V), 5% (V/V) and 10%(V/V) of liquid spawn were inoculated. The days required from spawning to fruiting bodies were 38, 34, 28 and 27 days.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.219-223
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• 2004

Embryogenic calli were induced from petioles of Aralia elata on MS solid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. When embryogenic calli were transferred to MS liquid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D, embryogenic cells and embryogenic cell clusters were developed after 2 weeks of culture. Embryogenic cells were filtered through a 250 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ sieve and the passed cells were proliferated and maintained in MS liquid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D. Embryogenic cell clusters entrapped on the sieve were transferred to 1/2 MS liquid medium without plant growth regulators, globular-shaped embryos were developed from embryogenic cell clusters after 2 weeks of culture. Numerous early stage somatic embryos could be developed to heart-shaped, torpedo-shaped, cotyledonary embryos and plantlets in 5 L bioreactor. Above results suggest that effective somatic embryo proliferation can be achieved via bioreactor culture systems in Aralia elata.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.10
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• pp.3650-3654
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• 2011

Two new unusual soyasaponins named 6"-O-methyldehydrosoyasaponin I(7) and desglucosylsoyasaponin $A_1$ (10) along with eight known saponins, dehydrosoyasaponin IV (1), dehydrosoyasaponin III (= impatienoside A) (2), soyasaponin III (3), dehydrosoyasaponin II (= soyasaponin Bg) (4), soyasaponin II (5), dehydrosoyasaponin I (= soyasaponin Be) (6), soyasaponin I (8), and kudzusaponin $SA_3$ (9), were isolated as their methyl esters and identified from the liquid culture of G. applanatum. Their structures were determined by chemical and spectroscopic analyses including 1D- and 2D-NMR as well as by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those of the reported in literatures. Although dehydrosoyasaponin IV was identified by LC-MS/MS method from soy protein isolate, this is the first report of the isolation of this compound. Dehydrosoyasaponin III (2) and kudzusaponin $SA_3$ (9) were also isolated for the first time from soybean. The presence of soyasaponins in Ganoderma species seems to be unusual feature. Thus, we presumed that compounds 1-10 might all be derived from the defatted soybean flour which was added to the culture medium as a nitrogen source.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.150-153
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• 1996

To develope a microbial pesticide for the control of agricultural and forestal pests in Korea, the mass culture system of entomopathogenic fungi was studied. Previously, we have developed the mass culture system which was adaptable for the culture of Beauveria bassiana. In this study, we determined the efficacy of this mass culture system for other entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanni. To determine the efficacy of mass culture system, we examined the growth rate of entomopathogenic fungi in this system which was composed of 1st liquid media for growth of blastospore and 2nd pellet media for growth of conidia. As the result, we obtained that the blastopore numbers increased 103-104 times in liquid media at 72 hrs post inoculation. The results showed that this mass culture system for the growth of entomopathogenic fungi was effective.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2000

Liquid shaking culture was conducted to investigate the proper culture conditions for the micropropagation of high quality lily using bulblets (3 mm in diameter) obtained from small scale culture. The combinations of 9% sucrose and 10 mM nitrogen or 6% sucrose and 20 mM $NH_4NO_3$ were effective on the growth and weight of micro-bulbs. However, the number of new bulbs was the highest when 20 to 40 mM $NH_4NO_3$ and 3% sucrose were added to the MS medium. The total fresh weight was increased effectively in MS medium supplemented with BA 0.2 mg/L alone under $60\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}sec^{-1}$ intensity. Also bulblet weight was increased at $60\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^2{\cdot}sec^{-1}$ intensity, regardless of BA concentrations (0.2 and 2 mg/L) in the medium. The proper culture period of bulblet was about 2 month in liquid shaking culture.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.72 no.5
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• pp.409-415
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• 2012

Background: The isolation of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has been increasing in South Korea. To date, however, the cause of this increase has not been determined, and it remains unclear whether the use of liquid media has contributed to this increase. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with NTM isolation and the impact of liquid media on NTM culture. Methods: Mycobacterial smear/culture results of respiratory specimens (sputum and bronchial aspirates), obtained during the years 2002, 2005, and 2010, were retrieved and analyzed retrospectively. Results: During the years 2002, 2005, and 2010, 83,096 sputum specimens were collected from 31,104 patients, and were cultured for mycobacteria, using solid media only in the 2002 and 2005 specimens and both solid and liquid media in the 2010. Of these, 3,516 (4.2%) specimens were smear-positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). The annual rate of NTM among positive culture specimens increased from 21% in 2002 to 57.8% in 2010 (p<0.001), as did the proportion of NTM, among AFB smear- and culture-positive specimens, from 12.2% in 2002 to 45.2% in 2010 (p<0.001). In 2010, the NTM culture rate was higher in the liquid than in the solid media (13.9% vs. 8.4%, p<0.001). The NTM rate among AFB-positive specimens was higher in patients aged >50 than ${\leq}$50 years. Conclusion: The rate of NTM isolation has steadily been increasing at the hospital in South Korea, likely due in part to the use of liquid media for the culture.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 2014

Various parameters such as solvent selection, concentration, solid/liquid ratio, soaking time, temperature, stationary, shaking conditions, and repeated extractions were investigated in order to determine the optimum extraction conditions of ${\beta}$-glucosidase from bagasse fermented by mixed culture of Aspergillus niger NRC 7A and Aspergillus oryzae NRRL 447. Among various solvents tested, non ionic detergents gave the best results than the inorganic or organic salt solutions and distilled water. The optimum conditions for extraction of ${\beta}$-glucosidase were 30 min soaking time at $40^{\circ}C$ under shaking condition at 150 rpm, with solid/liquid ratio 1:15 (w/v), which yielded $2882.74{\pm}95.52U/g$ fermented culture (g fc) of enzyme activity. With repeated washes under the above optimum conditions, the results showed that enzyme extracted in the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ washes represents about 90% of the total activity.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-76
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• 1977

Irradiation with high doses of gamma rays induced the reduction of mycelial weight and anaylase activity, and increased relative amylase activity in surface cultures. Biphase in growth curves was shown in aeration-agitation cultures but the behavior of the first phase of growth could be eliminated by replacing the amylasehydrolysed starch substrates, so that enzyme production was shortened ca. 40 hours and relative amylase activity was increased about 3 times higher before onset of autolysis. In the effect of gibberellin on amylase production, the positive stimulation was appeared to only surface culturs of the liquid medium and the negative effect to shake-cultures in a mutant. Trials of various continuous culture were resulted not only the approalch to the value of amylase activity in surface cultures of liquid medium, but also higher productivity than in batch cultures. The culture-degeneration was observed in two-stage continuous culture, but did not appear in continuous elevation culture.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.196-199
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• 2006

Effects of various preservation periods and subcultures on fruiting body formation of Cordyceps militaris were investigated using EFCC C-10995 single ascospore strains. Fruiting body formation by original strains was profuse when preserved at $4^{\circ}C$ for $5{\sim}6$ months. Fruiting from subcultures was stable till second to sixth subcultures, after which it decreased sharply. The more the colony color of subcultures changed, the less the fruiting bodies formed. Liquid inoculum preparation of single ascospore strains in the same or separate broths did not affect fruiting body formation. Similarly, two strains C-10995-3 and C-10995-6 in different numbers during liquid inoculum preparation produced similar fruiting bodies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.255-261
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• 2004

Antioxidant activity of extracts from the submerged-liquid culture of mushrooms was measured using two systems : linoleic acid and mouse liver microsomes induced by various free radical sources. Mushrooms of Pleurotus ostreatus (Neutari), Phellinus linteus (Sanghwang), Paecilomyces japonicus (Dongchunghacho), Hericicum erinacium (Norugungdengyee) and Agaricus blazei (Shinryeong) in 1% mulberry tree powder-supplemented medium were incubated in a shaking incubator (200 rpm, $25^{\circ}C$) for 3 days. Hot water extracts of mycelial cultures were freeze-dried, followed by fractioning with hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and butanol in the order. Antioxidant activity of each sample was examined in free radical-induced linoleic acid oxidation in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS ) solution by measuring the amount of malonaldehyde (MA), and mouse liver microsomal systems by measuring the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). In linoleic acid oxidation system, hot water extracts from the cultures of Pleurotus ostreatus, Phellinus linteus, and Paecilomyces japonicus exhibited stronger antioxidant activity than aqueous or butanol fraction and the combined fraction of hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate, but the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was the strongest activity. The antioxidant activity of the hot water extract from Pleurotus ostreatus culture was stronger than any other fractions in mouse microsomal system. These results suggest that hot water extract of Pleurotus ostreatus culture, and the cultures of Phellinus linteus and Paecilomyces japonicus could be useful for functional materials to reduce the oxidation of lipids in food systems induced by free radicals.