• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 1994

Recently in the design of super tankers or LNG carriers which transport a large amount of liquid in the cargo holds, the structural damage due to liquid sloshing becomes an important problem. The impact pressure from sloshing is most violent when the liquid motion of a partially filled tank is in resonance with the motion of a ship. In this paper the sloshing natural periods in liquid cargo tanks are estimated for partially filled tanks with various geometries. Especially the sloshing periods of baffled tanks which are often installed to reduce liquid motion and sloshing forces are calculated. A variational method is adopted to analyze the baffled tank of arbitrary filling depth of liquid. In this approach the liquid domain is divided into several subdomains in which the analytic solutions are potential energy are calculated from the velocity potentials in eachsubdomain. By minimizing the Hamilton's functional, the sloshing natural periods are estimated and the results are compared with experimental and numerical results.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 1995

Melting characteristics of unrestrained liquid ice in a rectangular vessel with heated top wall were investigated experimentally. The liquid ice, a mixture of ice particles and ethylene-glycol aqueous solution, was adopted as a testing material. During the melting process the liquid ice was drawn by buoyancy to the heated top wall of the rectangular vessel where close-contact melting occured. The melting behavior and melting rate of the liquid ice as well as local/mean heat-transfer coefficient at the heated top wall were observed and measured under a variety of conditions of heat flux and various initial concentration of the aqueous binary solution. It was found that the heat transfer of the heated top wall is remarkably promoted by the close-contact melting, and that the dendritic frozen layer at the lower interface of the liquid ice is formed. Photographic evidence demonstrated that plumes containing solute-rich liquid issued from isolated chimneys within the liquid ice layer where segregation of interstitial channel took place.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.124-131
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• 1993

Recently. with the rapid development in large sea water systems. there occurs much interest in the study of erosion-corrosion. In this study. the mild steel(SB41) was tested by using of a erosion-corrosion test apparatus with fountain-jet and was investigated under the environments of liquid, air-liquid 2 phase flow and solid particle-liquid 2 phase flow. Main results obtained are as follows : 1. The weight loss by corrosion-erosion in air-liquid 2 phase flow are more increased than that in only liquid solution. 2. Effect of air-liquid 2 phase flow on corrosion-erosion sensitivity becomes more sensitive in natural seawater than that in distilled water. 3. The corrosion potential by corrosion-erosion in air-liquid and solid particle-liquid 2 phase flow becomes noble than that of only liquid solution.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.313-320
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• 2019

Extraction/separation of cobalt by supported liquid membrane has been reviewed. The review discusses various directions associated with the supported liquid membrane process, such as the kind of supported liquid membrane, the principle of supported liquid membrane, transport mechanism involved, and the advantages and disadvantages of the supported liquid. Finally, extraction and separation of cobalt from other metals using extractant through supported liquid membrane have been reviewed. Separation of cobalt using various reagents and cobalt recovery from scrap using commercial extractant can be a potential perspective from the application of supported liquid membrane application.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.557-572
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• 2018

The academic research works about liquid storage tanks are reviewed for the purpose of providing valuable reference to the engineering practice on their aseismic design. A summary of the performance of tanks during past earthquakes is described in this paper. Next, the seismic response of tanks under unidirectional earthquake is reported, supplemented with the dynamic response under multidirectional motions. Then, researches on the influence of soil-structure interaction are brought out to help modify the seismic design approach of tanks in different areas with variable properties of soils. Afterwards, base isolation systems are reported to demonstrate their effectiveness for the earthquake-resistant design of liquid storage tanks. Further, researches about the liquid-structure interaction are reviewed with description of simplified models and numerical analytical methods, some of which consider the elastic effect of tank walls. Moreover, the liquid sloshing phenomenon on the hydrodynamic behaviors of tanks is presented by various algorithms including grid-based and meshfree method. And then the impact of baffles in changing the dynamic characteristics of the liquid-structure system is raised, which shows the energy dissipation by the vortex motion of liquid. In addition, uplifting effect is given to enhance the understanding on the capacity of unanchored tanks and some assessment of their development. At last, the concluding remarks and the aspects of extended research in the field of liquid storage tanks under seismic loads are provided, emphasizing the thermal stress analysis, the replaceable system for base isolation, the liquid-solid interaction and dynamic responses with stochastic excitations.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.214-223
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• 2000

In this research, a study on the characteristics of the liquid sheet formed by two impinging jets is presented. Using the interference phenomena of light, the thickness of the liquid sheet, which seems to heavily affect the size of the droplets, is measured and compared with existing theoretical modelings. Thinner liquid sheet is produced with larger impinging angle, smaller orifice diameter, and higher azimuthal angle but the jet velocity doesn't affect the thickness. More viscous liquid produces thicker liquid sheet. The theoretical modelings predict the same trend as the experiments but the thickness values are overestimated at low azimuthal angles. This difference is gradually decreased as the azimuthal angle is increased: The breakup mechanism of the droplets from the liquid sheet is visualized by a high speed camera. The crest around the edge of the liquid sheet is protruded with the accumulation of liquid at the end of protuberance, which contracts into a spherical shape and then becomes detached when the stem breaks down, producing large droplets with a few small size of satellites.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.112-121
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• 2018

The hydrothermal carbonization method has received great attention because of the conversion process from biomass. The reaction produces various products in hydrochar, bio-liquid, and gas. Even though its yield cannot be ignored in amount, it is difficult to find research papers on bio-liquid generated from the hydrothermal carbonization reaction of biomass. In particular, the heterogeneity of feedstock composition may make the characterization of bio-liquid different and difficult. In this study, bio-liquid from the hydrothermal carbonization reaction of food wastes at $230^{\circ}C$ for 4 h was investigated. Among various products, fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using two different extraction methods: liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography. Different elutions with various solvents enabled us to categorize the various components. The eluents and fractions obtained from two different extraction methods were analyzed by gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). The composition of the bio-liquid in each fraction was characterized, and seven fatty acid methyl esters were identified using the library installed in GC/MS device.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2015

This study identifies the factors improving bread quality by using fermented liquid dough. Fermented liquid dough, the main part of bread dough, contains yeasts that are prepared in order to enhance the fermentation rate. This study investigates the fermentation rate after mixing dough, the pH of dough, loaf volume, water activity, hardness, and sensory properties of loaf bread samples with different amounts of fermented liquid dough. The fermentation rate was slightly higher in the bread samples, the control dough and 10% fermented liquid dough, than in samples with more than 20% dough. The pH values of dough decreased with an increase in the content of fermented liquid dough. The loaf volume of bread with 10% fermented liquid dough was the highest. The water activity of loaf bread increased with an increase in amount of fermented liquid dough. For the sensory evaluation of loaf bread, adding 10% fermented liquid dough improved the loaf volume and evenness of baking. These results suggest that 10% fermented liquid dough increased the fermentation rate and bread quality. Further research is required to enhance internal quality characteristics of loaf bread, including taste and flavor.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 1997

Liquid film thickness is measured by $moir\acute{e}$ topography which monitored liquid surface. $Moir\acute{e}$ fringe measurement techniques share the inherent simplicity found in optical interferometric techniques have the advantage of use over a greater range of displacement. $Moir\acute{e}$ fringe are the geometric interference patterns observed when two dense line grating are superposed. Light transmitted through a fixed line grating is deviated by the liquid film surface, producing a distored image of the grating. The $moir\acute{e}$ fringe produced by projection of this optically distored grating onto a second stationary grating permit visualization of the liquid surface and measurement of the liquid film thickness. This study measured the small amplitude of liquid film thickness to the $moir\acute{e}$ fringe pattern produced when spherical metal was dropped glycerin put)1 And the measurement of liquid film thickness flowing down an inclined plate are required to calculate the liquid slope in a position.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.6
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• pp.19-31
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• 1986

The residence time distribution of liquid flow in a 4.0cm diameter column packed with porous $Al_2O_3$ spheres of 0.37cm diameter were measured with pulse injections of a tracer under cocurrent trickling flow conditions. The mean residence time of liquid flow and liquid hold-up calculated by the transient curve of tracer were unaffected by gas flow rates under experimental ranges of liquid flow rates from 2.4 to $4.5(kg/m^2\;sec)$ and gas flow rates from 0 to $0.13(kg/m^2\;sec)$. The axial dispersion coefficient of liquid stream and apparent diffusivity of tracer in a micropore of solid particle were estimated from the response curve of tracer. The calculated Peclet No. were increased in ranges of 68-to 82 with a increasing of liquid mass velocity, and the external effective contacting efficiency between liquid and solid which can be expressed. by $(D_i)_{app}/D_i$ varied in ranges of 0.54 to 0.68 depending on the liquid flow rates. The gas to liquid(water) volumetric mass transfer coefficient were determined from desorption experiments with oxygen at $25^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. The measured mass transfer coefficients were increased with liquid flow rates and the effect of gas flow rates on the mass transfer coefficient was insignificant.