• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.280-283
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• 1985

Lipid fractions of the roots of cultured (five years old) and wild (eight years old) Codonopsis lanceolata were analyzed. The most abundant fraction of the lipids extracted from cultured and wild roots of C. lanceolata was neutral lipid and the next came phospholipid and glycolipid in descending order. The percentage, however, of the neutral lipid in total lipid was comparatively low, while that of phospholipid, particularly high; 41.30% and 29.34% in that of cultured and wild one respectively. The richest fraction of neutral lipid was triglyceride; 39.49% and 32.88% in the cultured and the wild respectively, and followed by sterol esters and free acid. Noticed amounts of sterol esters and monoglycerides which is able to be used as an emulsifiers, were contained in the neutral lipid of roots; 27.74% and 5.11% respectively. The unsaturated fatty acid fraction of the total lipid hydrolyzate contained in cultured and wild C. lanceolata roots was 72.87% and 74.37% respectively. The main fatty acid contained in the total lipid hydrolyzate was linoleic acid, and followed by linolenic acid palmitic acid. The main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid and lauric acid.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 1988

Diversities of lipid compositions according to the morphological differences of the Panax ginseng root were studied by means of column, thin layer, gas-liquid chromate-graphies and histochemical stainings. Purified lipids from various parts were 1.08-2.23% of dry weight, of which 64.2-73.5% were neutral lipids, 15.4-17.4% were glycolipids and 10.4-19.2% were phospholipids. Especially the contents of neutral lipids were highest in cortex, suggesting to be the presence of lipid ducts only in cortex. Triglycerides, sterol esters and hydrocarbons were abundant in the neutral lipid fractions. Twelve components were identified in the periderm and cortex, but unidentified II, IV and V components were not present in the medulla. The major components of glycolipid freactions were sterol glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride and esterified sterol glucoside. Phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were major components of phospholipid fractions, And phosphatidyl choline was extreamly much in the periderm and medulla, but phosphatidyl glycerol was largest in quantity in the cortex. Eighteen kinds of fatty acids were identified in the neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions. Linoleic, palmitic, oleic and linolnic acids were the main components of fatty acids. The contents of saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids of each three fractions were different one another regardless of the Periderm, cortex and medulla.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.21 no.6 s.90
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• pp.759-768
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the antioxidative effect of the hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, butanol and water fractions of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on the inhibition of malondialdehyde(MDA) and bovine serum albumin(BSA) conjugation reaction, the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH) radical, the antimutagenic capacity as measured by the Ames test and the inhibitory effect on cancer cell. Ganoderma lucidum is believed to have possible antioxidative capacities, although the results have varied according to the assay method. The most effective antioxidative capacity was inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Among the five fractions, water fraction showed strong inhibition rates on MDA & BSA conjugation reaction, and ethylacetate fractions showed the most effective inhibition rate on lipid peroxidation and scavenging effect on DPPH radical. The indirect and direct antimutagenic effects of ethanol extracts of Ganoderma lucidum were examined by Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Among the samples, the water fraction did not have any antimutagenic effect. The inhibition rates on mutagenicity in the presence of 2.5 mg/plate were nearly $100\%$ for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 except the hexane fraction of the direct mutagenicity mediated by 2-Nitrofluorene in Salmonella typimurium TA98($64.69\%$). Under the 2.5 mg/plate concentration, the inhibitory effects of hexane and dichloromethane fraction were superior to that of the other fractions on the direct mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA100 and indirect mutagenicity for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The inhibitory effect of Ganoderma lucidum extracts on cell proliferation in HeLa and MCF-7 was investigated by U test. The dichloromethane fraction showed highly antiproliferative effect in HeLa and MCF-7($IC_{50}$: 0.122 mg/mL, 0.272 mg/mL, respectively) cells while the water faction had a weak inhibitory effect($IC_{50}$: 0.691 mg/mL, 10.919 mg/mL respectively). These results suggest that Ganoderma lucidum may have antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer capacities and may be a candidate of the prevention and dietetic treatment of chronic diseases and the development of antioxidative, antimutagenic and anticancer functional food.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.410-415
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• 2005

To investigate biological activity of noni extracts treated with HCl and trypsin, we measured the antioxidant activity through vitro assay and cellular system. Both water and lipid soluble fraction of noni extracts dose-dependently scav­enged DPPH radical. Superoxide scavenging activity of lipid soluble fraction after treating HCl and trypsin was significantly more potent than those of other fractions in NBT/xanthine oxidase assay, which suggests that antioxidant activity of noni extracts was increased by the treatment with HCl and trypsin. In antioxidant assay using RBL 2H3 cells, water soluble frac­tion of noni extracts had little effect on silica-induced reactive oxygen species generation, whereas lipid soluble fraction inhibited in a dose dependent manner. In non-treated noni extracts, effect of water soluble fraction on silica/$CuSO_4$-induced lipid peroxidation was more potent than that of lipid soluble fraction. However, the effects of noni extracts were reversed in noni extracts treated with HCl and trypsin. These data suggest that water soluble substances may be converted into lipid soluble substances by the treatment with HCl and trypsin. From the above results, it is suggested that lipid soluble fraction of noni extracts contain antioxidant used in vitro assay and RBL 2H3 cellular system. Such an effect of noni extracts may be increased by the treatment with HCl and trypsin.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.380.1-380.1
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• 2002

Polygoni Radix. the root of Polygonum cuspidatum (Polygonaceae) has been used as treatments of dermatitis. gonorrhrea. favus athlete's foot. inflammation in traditional medicine. Oxygen free radical injury and lipid peroxidation have been suggested as major causes of atherosclerosis. cancer. liver disease. and the aging process. In order to evaluate antHipid peroxidative effect. Polygoni Radix was fractionated and then its fractions were examined by liver homogenate MDA by TBARS assay and DPPH (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. (omitted)

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.185-193
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• 2016

In this study, antioxidative potentials of the crude extract and its four solvent fractions from the Arctic terrestrial plant Ranunculus heperporeus were evaluated by using four different activity tests, including the inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation in Raw 264.7 cells as well as determining the extent of both the scavenging of peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) and the oxidative damage of genomic DNA purified from Raw 264.7 cells. Based on a comparative analysis, n-BuOH, and 85% aq.MeOH solvent fractions showed good scavenging effects on the production of intracellcular ROS and inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation. In addition, n-BuOH and 85% aq.MeOH fractions exhibited good scavenging effects on both authentic peroxynitrite and one generated from SIN-1. Among the samples tested, the n-BuOH fraction revealed the strongest antioxidant effect.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.155-166
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• 1991

In order to evaluate a potential role of mitochondria in the mediation of toxicity of paraquat (PQ), submitochondrial particle and microsome of mouse liver were compared by oxygen radical generation and lipid peroxidation. With NADH in submitochondrial particle and NADPH in microsome as electron donors, PQ stimulated production of superoxide anion and $H_2O_2$ in both fractions. Under the same conditions, PQ enhanced the generation of ethylene from methional suggestiong stimulation of OH production by PQ. But these effects by PQ were somewhat lower in submitochondrial particle than in microsome. In addition, lipid peroxidation(measured as MDA production) was stimulated by PQ in both fractions. The stimulation of lipid peroxidation in both fractions seemed to occur by the same mechanism probably through perferryl ion. This was supported by the following findings: i) The lipid peroxidation in both fractions was partially inhibited by SOD and completely inhibited by DETAPAC(an iron chelator) but not by catalase or OH scavenger. ii) Addition of $ADP-Fe^{3+}$ further increased PQ-induced lipid peroxidation but decreased ethylene production from methional suggesting no correlation between OH production and lipid peroxidation. The redox-cycling of PQ in mitochondria appeared to be linked to NADH dehydrogenase, not to CoQ since all of the observed stimulations by PQ in submitochondrial particle were inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate(a NADH dehydrogenase inhibitor) but not affected by other respiratory chain blockers. The above results demonstrate that redox-cycling properties of PQ leading to oxygen radical generation and lipid peroxidation can also occur in mitochondria in the same manner as in microsome. Therefore, the observed actions of PQ in mitochondria suggest that mitochondria may also contribute to toxicity of this drug in vivo.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.565-570
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• 2012

We recently reported that a water extract of laurel or turmeric, 1,8-cineole enriched fractions, showed hypolipidemic activity in the zebrafish model. Therefore, the present study investigated the cineole's anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in lipoprotein metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Cineole had inhibitory effects on cupric ion-mediated oxidation of lipoproteins in general, while simultaneously enhancing ferric ion removal ability in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Hypercholesterolemia was induced in zebrafish using cholesterol-feeding treatment, 4% cholesterol, for 3 weeks. After feeding with or without the addition of cineole, the results revealed that cineole possessed lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory activities in hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. In addition, serum amyloid A and interleukin-6 levels were lowered and lipid accumulation was decreased in the liver. Conclusively, 1,8-cineole was found to have anti-oxidant activities in lipoprotein metabolism both in vitro and in vivo with simultaneous reduction of lipid accumulation in the liver of zebrafish.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.200-203
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• 2003

Total lipids extracted from the powdered seeds of Carum roxburghianum were fractionated into hydrocarbons (0.30%), wax esters (0.30%), sterol esters (1.35%), triacylglycerols (72.41%), free fatty acids (6.06%), 1,3-diacylglycerols (4.60%), 1,2- diacylglycerols (0.64%), glycolipids (5.10%), sterols (1.20%), 2-monoacylgylcerols (3.18%), 1-monoacylglycerols (1.46%), phosphatidylethanolamines (1.08%) phosphatidylcholines (0.40%), lysophosphatidylethanolamines (1.48%) and phosphatidylinositols (0.44%) with the help of TLC. The fatty acid composition of all the lipid fractions was determined after converting them into their methyl esters with $BF_3-methanol$ reagent and then analyzing them by GC. Oleic acid was found as a major component in all the lipid classes, whereas palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids were present in lesser quantities. Arachidic acid was identified as a minor component in only seven out of twelve lipid classes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2007

This study was designed to examine the effects of fractions of ethanol extract of Benincasa hispida (wax gourd) on hepatic antioxidative status in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were induced diabetes mellitus by STZ injection (45 mg/kg) into the tail vein and were divided into 5 groups: normal, STZ-control, three experimental diabetic groups. Fractions of ethanol extract of Benincasa hispida were administered orally into the diabetic rats for 14 days. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) activity (determined with H$_2$O$_2$ as substrate) was increased in the groups supplemented with chloroform (CHCl$_3$) and butanol (BuOH) fractions. Glutathione peroxidase (GR) activity in the liver cytosol of H$_2$O fraction groups was significantly lower than that of STZ-control group. The H$_{2}$O fraction supplemented group has been shown the notably decrease in the hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The hepatic cytosol catalase (CAT) activity was significant decreased by the supplementation with BuOH fraction. It was found from the results that the supplementation of BuOH and H$_2$O fractions of Benincasa hispida extract could be beneficial for the diabetic complications and damages from the lipid peroxidation.