• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.242-251
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• 2018

This study was investigating the anti-obesity effects of diets with a mixture of cheese, red ginseng and fermented mature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel. We fed the experimental diets (SC5, SC10) supplemented with 5% or 10% cheese containing of fermented mixture, then orally administered the extract of fermented mixture (RB100, RB300) at a concentration of 100 or 300 mg/kg body weight to SD rats with high fat diet (HFD). The results were as follows: Sample cheese groups decreased visceral fat mass and adipocyte size of stomach compared to that of HFD group. Additionally, lipid droplets of liver in sample cheese groups were smaller than that in HFD group. The serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (tChol), glucose, leptin, and insulin levels in sample cheese group were lower than that in HFD group. But, the serum adiponectin and HDL-cholesterol (cHDL) levels were higher than that in HFD group. These results suggest that fermentation of red ginseng and Rubus coreanus mixed with cheese might be helpful in preventing obesity in high fat diet-fed rats.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2008

The present study was designed to investigate the anti-diabetic effect and mechanism of Korean red ginseng in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. The db/db mice were divided into three groups: diabetic control group (DC), Korean red ginseng group (KRG, 100 mg/kg) and metformin group (MET, 300 mg/kg), and treated with drugs once per day for 10 weeks. Compared to the DC group, fasting blood glucose levels were decreased by 19.8% in KRG-, 67.7% in MET-treated group. With decreased plasma glucose and insulin levels, the insulin resistance index of the KRG-treated group was reduced by 27.6% compared to the DC group. The HbA1c levels in KRG and MET-treated groups were also decreased by 11.0% and 18.9% compared to that of DC group, respectively. Plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid levels were decreased by 18.8% and 16.8%, respectively, and plasma adiponectin and leptin levels were increased by 20.6% and 12.1%, respectively, in the KRG-treated group compared to those in DC group. Histological analyses of the liver and fat tissue of mice treated with KRG revealed significantly decreased number of lipid droplets and decreased size of adipocytes compared to the DC group. From the pancreatic islet double-immunofluorescence staining, we observed KRG has increased insulin contents, but decreased glucagon production. To elucidate action mechanism of KRG, effects on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its downstream target proteins responsible for fatty acid oxidation and gluconeogenesis were explored in the liver. KRG activated AMPK and acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylations, resulting in stimulation of fatty acid oxidation. KRG also caused to down regulation of SREBP1a and its target gene expressions such as FAS, SCD1 and GPAT. In summary, our results suggest that KRG exerted the anti-diabetic effect through AMPK activation in the liver of db/db mice.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.115-119
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• 1995

고사리삼 지하경 형성층의 활성과 연령의 관계를 확인하기 위하여 경정부로부터 제6절간 및 제10절간의 형성층세포를 미세구조 및 조직화학적으로 비교하였다. 제6절간의 형성층은 규칙적으로 2-4세포의 방사배열을 하고 방사방향으로 납작한 구조와 얇은 접선벽을 가지고 있다. 미세구조 관찰에서 형성층 세포는 중앙부에 커다란 액포가 발달되어 있고 미토콘드리아, 소포체 및 딕티오좀이 분포되어 있는 반면에 전분립 등의 저장물질은 관찰되지 않았다. 한편 제10절간 형성층의 세포들은 방사방향으로 약간 확장되어 있고 방사배열을 보이지 않았다. 미세구조에서는 약간의 미토콘드리아 이외에는 세포소기관이 관찰되지 않았고 세포질에 많은 지질과립 및 전분과립과 작고 수많은 액포가 분포되어 있었다. 또한 제6절간 형성층은 강한 acid phosphatase 활성을 띠고 있으나 제10절간에서는 활성반응이 나타나지 않았다. 이상과 같은 결가로부터 제6절간 형성층은 활성을 가지고 있으나 제10절간 형성층은 휴면상태에 있는 것이 확실하므로 고사리삼의 지하경은 한시적인 형성층을 가지고 있다는 결론에 도달하게 되었다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.104-113
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• 2012

The nucleolus is a distinct nuclear territory involved in the compartmentalization of nuclear functions. There is some evidence of a relationship between nuclear fragmentation during spermatogenesis and chromatoid body (CB) formation. The CB is a typical cytoplasmic organelle of haploid germ cells, and is involved in RNA and protein accumulation for later germ-cell differentiation. The goal of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively describe the nucleolar cycle during the spermatogenesis of $Phrynops$ $geoffroanus$ (Reptilia Testudines), and compare this nucleolar fragmentation with CB formation in this species through the use of cytochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Qualitative analysis showed a fragmentation of the nuclear material after pachytene of the first meiotic division in the primary spermatocytes. Quantitative analysis of the nucleolar cycle revealed a significant difference in the number of nucleoli and in the size of the nucleolus between spermatogonia and early spermatids. Using ultrastructural analysis, we recorded the beginning of the CB formation process in the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes at the same time as when nuclear fragmentation occurs. In the cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes, the CB was observed in association with mitochondrial aggregates and the Golgi complex. In the cytoplasm of early spermatids, the CB was observed in association with lipid droplets. In conclusion, our data show that the nucleolus plays a role in the CB formation process. During spermatogenesis of $P.$ $geoffroanus$, the CB is involved in some important biological processes, including acrosome formation and mitochondrial migration to the spermatozoon tail and middle piece region.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.336-342
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• 2015

Propyl gallate (PG) used as an additive in various foods has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Although the functional roles of PG in various cell types are well characterized, it is unknown whether PG has effect on stem cell differentiation. In this study, we demonstrated that PG could inhibit adipogenic differentiation in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) by decreasing the accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets. In addition, PG significantly reduced the expression of adipocyte-specific markers including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-${\gamma}$ (PPAR-${\gamma}$), CCAAT enhancer binding protein-${\alpha}$ (C/EBP-${\alpha}$), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein 2 (aP2). PG inhibited adipogenesis in hAMSCs through extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Decreased adipogenesis following PG treatment was recovered in response to ERK blocking. Taken together, these results suggest a novel effect of PG on adipocyte differentiation in hAMSCs, supporting a negative role of ERK1/2 pathway in adipogenic differentiation.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.29-40
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• 1983

노랑초파리 (Drosophila melanogaster)의 야생형과 날개 돌연변이체인 흔적날개(vg)에 있어서 날개 성체원기의 미세구조의 차이를 비교검토하여 흔적날개의 표현형이 발현되는 원인의 일단을 규명코저 본 연구를 실시하였다. 야생형과 흔적날개 개체의 제 3 령기 말기의 유충으로 부터 10시간 간격은 채취한 날개 성체원기에서 나타나는 미세구조의 변화를 비교 관찰하여 얻은 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 야생형의 경우 지방소적들은 응집한 후 당류로 변화되었지만 흔적날개의 경우는 응집현상과 당류로 변화되는 과정이 관찰되지 않았다. 2. 식세포작용에 의한 세포의 퇴화현상은 흔적날개 변이체와 야생형에서도 관찰되었다. 그러나 야생형에서의 식세포작용은 매우 약하였다. 3. 기관세지의 내벽이 톱니모양의 구조를 나타내고 있는 것은 모두 비슷하였으나 기관세지의 직경은 야생형의 경우 시간이 경과함에 따라 넓어지는 경향을 보였으며, 흔적날개의 경우는 반대로 좁아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 이와같이 흔적날개 돌연변이체도 유충발생 초기까지는 모두 정상적으로 이루어지지만 제 3 령기 유충시기에 이르러서는 지방산이 당류로 변화되는 gluconeogenesis과정에서 결함이 보이고 식세포작용에 의한 세포의 퇴화현상이 현저했으며, 기관세지의 발달은 미흡한 점으로 보아 이와같은 현상들이 흔적날개 형성과 깊은 관계가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 1983

In order to prepare an experimental model on the basis of morphological changes of liver, 90 rabbits were allocated into four groups and 5, 15, 30 and 50% of ethanol (5ml/day) were dosed to each group for 5, 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90 days, and observed the livers with light and electron microscope. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Light microscopically, the hydropic changes were found in the liver from 10th day after 5% and 15% ethanol ingestion, and these findings were remarkable as time goes by. Necrosis of hepatocytes, however, was most remarkable on 60th and 90th day after ingestion. The proliferation of interlobular connective tissue was found from 30th day in this group. 2. The hydropic necrosis of liver cells was found from 5th day in 30% and 50% ethanol dosing groups. The proliferation of interlobular connective tissues and infiltration of the lymphocytes were observed from 30th day in 30% ethanol ingestion group, however, it was found from 20th day in 50% ethanol ingestion group. 3. Electron microscopically, the appearance of various lipid droplets and dilated rER, slightly increased sER and glycogen field, dense mitochondria with scanty cristae and hydropic change were observed on 5th day after 5% ethanol ingestion. These findings were more remarkable on 30th and 90th day. Especially, disorganized outer and inner membrane of mitochondria and autophagic vacuoles were appeared on 90th day. The similar findings were also found in 15%, 30% and 50% ethanol ingestion groups, however, the appearance of fibrillar and myelin-like structures were observed from 30th day after 15% ethanol ingestion. The severe hydropic change and increased sER were observed on 90th day after 15% ethanol ingestion. From 5th day after 30% and 50% ethanol ingestion these findings were more remarkable.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2011

The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell development during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology of in male Scapharca subcrenata were investigated by transmission electron microscope observation. Spermatogonia are located nearest the outer wall of the acinus, while spermatocytes and spermatids are positioned near the accessory cells. The accessory cells, which is in close contact with developing germ cells, contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. Therefore, it is assumed that they are involved in supplying of the nutrients for germ cell development. The morphologies of the sperm nucleus and the acrosome of this species are the oval shape and cone shape, respectively. Spermatozoa are approximately 45-$50{\mu}m$ in length including a sperm nucleus (about $1.30{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.59{\mu}m$ in length), and tail flagellum (about 43-$47{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail shows a 9 + 2 structure. As some characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle structures, the right and left basal rings show electron opaque part (region), and also the anterior apex part of the acrosomal vesicle shows electron opaque part (region). These characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle were found in Acinidae and other several families in subclass Pteriomorphia. These common characteristics of the acrosomal vesicle in subclass Pteriomorphia can be used for phylogenetic and taxonomic analysis as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The number of mitochondria in the midpiece of the sperm of this species are five, as one of common characteristics appear in most species in Arcidae and other families in subclass Pteriomorphia. The acrosomal vesicles of Arcidae species do not contain the axial rod and several transverse bands in acrosome, unlkely as seen in Ostreidae species in subclass Pteriomorphia, These characteristics can be used for the taxonomic analysis of the family or superfamily levels as a systematic key or tools.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.235-240
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• 2018

Betula platyphylla var. japonica (Betulaceae), also known as Asian white birch, is an endemic medicinal tree, the bark of which has been used in Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. In our continuing search for bioactive compounds from Korean natural resources, a phytochemical investigation of the bark of B. platyphylla var. japonica led to the isolation of 7-oxo-${\beta}$-sitosterol (1) and soyacerebroside I (2) from its ethanol extract as main components by liquid chromatography (LC)/mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. The structures of isolates were identified by comparison of $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data and physical data with the previously reported values and LC/MS analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that the isolated compounds, 7-oxo-${\beta}$-sitosterol and soyacerebroside I, were isolated in B. platyphylla var. japonica. We examined the effects of the isolates on the regulation of adipocytes and osteoblast differentiation. These isolates (1 and 2) produced fewer lipid droplets compared to the untreated negative control in Oil Red O staining of the mouse mesenchymal stem cell line without altering the amount of alkaline phosphatase staining. The results demonstrated that both compounds showed marginal inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation but did not affect osteoblast differentiation.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2019

In this study, the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity activities of an ethanol extracts of Ulmus divididiana var. japonica (UDE) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. UDE anti-oxidant activity was evaluated with an Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectrometer, which measured 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Cell viabilities were estimated using 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglia were used to study the production of nitric oxide (NO). Cells stimulated with LPS produce more NO than normal control cells. However, cells treated with the UDE decreased this production in a concentration dependent manner (100, 250, 500, $1,000{\mu}g/mL$). Also, we investigated the anti-obese activity of UDE in SD rats. The SD rats were randomly divided into five groups: 10% low fat diet (N), 45% high fat diet (H), 45% high fat diet + garcinia extracts 200 mg/kg/day (HG200), high fat diet + UDE 200 mg/kg/day (HU200), high fat diet + UDE 400 mg/kg/day (HU400). UDE was found to lower whole body and abdominal and epididymal adipose tissue weights and lowered plasma levels of triglyceride (TG), compared to those in H group. Histological analyses of the liver and fat tissues of rat treated with UDE revealed significantly decreased number of lipid droplets and decreased size of adipocytes compared to the H group. These results suggest that UDE might be used to develop potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity agents, and may be useful as ingredients for related new functional raw materials.