• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.233-246
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• 1994

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the difference of muscular activities of the tongue and lip muscles between anterior open-bite and normal occlusion during various function. Thirty eight subjects of 12.1-39.6 years were employed in this study : Eighteen subjects were anterior open-bites and tweenty subjects were normal occlusions. During rest position, maximum effort of lip sealing, command swallow of saliva and sucking & swallowing of juice, the electromyographic datas of the genioglossus, superior longitudinal muscle of tongue, upper and lower orbicularis oris were recorded and integrated with Medelec MS 25 electromyographic machine. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken on all subjects for the analysis of tongue posture and size. All data were recored and statistically processed. The findings of this study can be summerized as follows : 1. During the rest position, muscular activity of tongue was higher than that of lip muscle in open-bite, but no difference in normal occlusion group. 2. During the swallowing of juice, the activity of orbicularis oris was higher than that of genioglossus in open-bite. But the normal occusion was showed higher activity of tongue during the swallowing of juice. 3. The open-bite, compared to the normal occlusion, had higher value of tongue muscle activity during the rest position. 4. Compared to normal occlusion group, the open-bite had higher value of lip muscle activity during the sucking and swallowing of juice. 5. During the command swallow of saliva, the normal occlusion was showed harmonious swallowing pattern, but the open-bite showed much variation and disharmony in muscular contraction sequence, tended to absent of lip muscle activity. 6. At the lateral cephalometric radiographs, compared to the normal occlusion, the open-bite was showed lower tongue posture. But no difference was found in intermaxillary space. It is suggested that the open-bite, compared to the normal occlusion, had higher muscular activity of tongue during the rest position and various functions, showed lower tongue posture on the lateral cephalogram. In the development of anterior open-bite malocclusion, these factors may be an etiologic factor.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.747-754
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• 2011

Purpose: The Abbe flap procedure has been used to correct disharmony of the upper and lower lips as well as for making a philtrum for patients with secondary cleft lip deformities. But the Abbe flap procedure adds two scars in addition to the prior operative scar on the upper lip. This study was conducted to determine the treatment outcomes of esthetic subunit excision of the scar on the philtrum and Abbe flap coverage for correction of cleft lip deformities with photogrammetric analysis. Methods: This study investigated a total of 11 patients with cleft lip deformities who underwent scar excision with Abbe flap coverage, and the patients were followed up for at least 6 months. Under general anesthesia, a mushroom-shaped Abbe flap was drawn on the lower lip with a width of 8 mm and a height 1~2 mm longer than that of the philtral midline. The epidermis and dermis of the scar on the upper lip were excised. In the cases with alar base depression, the orbicularis oris muscle was split vertically and transposed to the alar base. The Abbe flap was harvested as a pedicled flap containing a small amount of muscle and this was rotated 180-degree to be inserted into the upper lip. Mucosa, muscle, subcutaneous tissue and skin were closed in layers. The flap was divided at the 7~14 postoperative day. The postoperative outcomes were evaluated by using photogrammetric analysis. Three indices were measured from the standard clinical photographs taken before and after the surgery. For anthroposcopic assessment, observers described the postoperative outcomes using an ordinary scale method. Results: The postoperative values obtained in the photogrammetric analysis showed improvement as compared with the preoperative ones. Improved anthroposcopic outcomes were also noted. Conclusion: Scar excision and Abbe flap coverage were proven to be effective in improving protrusion and the height of the upper lip, the scar of the upper lip and the symmetry of Cupid's bow and the philtral column, as well as formation of the philtral dimple.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.16.1-16
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• 1982

The lips play an important role of passage of food as well as articulation and production of intelligible speech. So, the orbicularis oris muscle which composes the lip must act as a sphincter for the right structure. Also, the muscle conforms to the shape of the lips to make words. The surrounding cheek muscles antagonize and synergize to position the orbicularis oris sphincter. It is highly significant from the standpoint of reconstruction that the surrounding muscle can be separated from the orbicularis oris muscle without loss of sphincteric competence as long as the facial nerves and vessels remain intact. The authors performed the reconstruction of a lower lip defect due to human bite and achieved an excellent result from a functional and cosmetic aspect. This report with the literature is herewith submitted.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2007

For many years a wide variety of surgical techniques for closure of cleft lip has been used. Still many surgeons prefer the Millard's rotation-advancement lip repair because the surgical scar is masked in the philtral crest and the nostril floor, and it improves the relationship of the alar base of the cleft side, producing harmonious symmetry of the nostril and the nostril sill. In addition, it uses and preserves the lip anatomy, returning lip tissue into its normal position, minimizing the amount of tissue that is discarded, and reconstructing the orbicular oris muscle. One of the major disadvantages of this procedure is the lack of accurate measurements. The object of this study is to help in the cleft lip surgery with investing its features and design.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2000

Many efforts are made to achieve satisfactory cosmetic and functional result in the repair of cleft lip. However, repair may be complicated in many cases by distortion of the vermilion border, obliteration of the normal contour of the philtrum, and eclabium in spite of many methods used in these days. To achieve better results in cleft lip repair, thorough understandings of the relationship between the surface morphology of the upper and lower lip and the underlying musculature is necessary but reports about this topic is rare. So, our studies were performed on the full-thickness upper lips containing both philtral ridge up to columelar base and lower lip, 4 post-mortem specimens of 2 females and 2 males aged from 16 to 42, using serial histological sections taken in the transverse and vertical planes under light microscopy. Thorough understanding of the anatomical relationships is established and on the basis of our findings, we can postulate some criteria to create a normal and natural philtrum in a patient with a cleft lip, it would be necessary to restore the normal deep muscle attachments and superficial dermal attachments of the orbicularis muscle, to close the lip without tension, to restore thickness of the philtral ridge, and to minimise nonelastic scar tissue.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.39
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• pp.12.1-12.5
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• 2017

Background: Rehabilitation of normal function and form is essential in cleft lip repair. In 2005, Dr. David M. Fisher introduced an innovative method, named "an anatomical subunit approximation technique" in unilateral cleft lip repair. According to this method, circumferential incision along the columella on cleft side of the medial flap is continued to the planned top of the Cupid's bow in straight manner, which runs parallel to the unaffected philtral ridge. Usually, small inlet incision is needed to lengthen the medial flap. On lateral flap, small triangle just above the cutaneous roll is used to prevent unesthetic shortening of upper lip. This allows better continuity of the Cupid's bow and ideal distribution of tension. Case presentation: As a modification to original method, orbicularis oris muscle overlapping suture is applied to make the elevated philtral ridge. Concomitant primary rhinoplasty also results in good esthetic outcome with symmetric nostrils and correction of alar web. As satisfactory results were obtained in three incomplete and one complete unilateral cleft lip patients, indicating Fisher's method can be useful in cleft lip surgery with functional and esthetic outcome. Conclusions: Clinically applied Fisher's method in unilateral cleft lip patients proved the effectiveness in improving the esthetic results with good symmetry. This method also applied with primary rhinoplasty.

• Korean Journal of Cleft Lip And Palate
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2008

The harmonious lip length, residual scar and Cupid's bow width and peak with a normal side are the aims of a unilateral cleft lip repair. Also, long term amelioration without necessary of revisional surgeries may be the ideal conditions. No one method can satisfy the wide varieties of cleft lip deformities. Recently with rearrangement of paraoral muscle and some modifications, a straight line repair technique has been concerned again. Straight scar line, simplicity, and short learning curve are the advantages of the straight line technique. Here two cases of the simple straight line technique were presented and discussed for its usefulness and reliability with short reviews of previous reports.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.283-286
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• 1989

The buccal mucosa is an effevtive and versatile intraoral grafting material. For adequate reconst ruction of avulsed lip, restoration of natural appearance and adequate lip function should be done. We treated avulsed upper lip defect which had been affected underlying orbicularis oris muscle as well as vermilion border. We chose cheek mucosa for upper lip reconstruction and performed surgical correction of avulsed upper lip with pedicled buccal mucosal flap. The result was very good because of its superior color and texture matching to remaining yermilion tissue.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 1999

This study was conducted for the histological observation of the infundibulum of the oviduct of the laying Korean native pheasants. The results are as follows : 1. The infundibular wall is composed of the epithelium, lamina propria, muscle layer(inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle), and serosa. The funnel lip is divided into the inner, and outer lip of the epithelium and muscle layer. 2. The epithelium of the funnel lip and most region of the cranial part of the funnel are composed of ciliated columnar cells. In the surface and lateral part of the folds, ciliated cells and non-ciliated secretory cells tend to alternate in the epithelium of the caudal funnel and the necks, but are also found in groups of the simple cuboidal epithelium at the bases of the grooves between the ridges and tubular glands found in the subepithelium. 3. The secretory material of the non-ciliated secretory cills contains PAS-positive and alcian blue-positive granules, and these materials show purple colour in the basic fuchsin-methylene blue stain. 4. The cells of the glandular groove and tubular gland of the neck portion of the oviduct mostly show weak PAS-positive, and alcian blue stain negative reaction. The tubular gland cells of the infndibulum contain pink of purple colour granules, and without reaction in the anterior neck portion of the infundibulum in basic fuchsin and methylene blue stain.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2020

A 60-year-old woman with a history of diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure was admitted to the hospital with severe pain in the upper lip, which began 4 days prior to admission, accompanied by a bullous lesion and suspected cellulitis in the upper lip. Immediately after admission, as the patient's general condition worsened, tests revealed a non-ST elevated myocardial infarction, septic embolism of the lung, as well as septic shock. Her upper lip suddenly presented a gangrenous and necrotic change, which the tissue and blood culture confirmed to be a Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. After a quick response, the patient's general condition improved. Subsequently, serial debridement was performed to effectively clear away the purulent discharge. While under general anesthesia, the process confirmed full-layer necrosis of the upper lip including the orbicularis oris muscle. Almost half of the entire upper lip sustained a full-layer skin and soft tissue defect, with scar contracture. Six months later, to correct the drooling and lip sealing following the defects, a scar release and an Abbe flap coverage were performed considering both functional and aesthetic aspects. The follow-up revealed a favorable corrective result of the upper lip drooling, and the patient was satisfied from a functional perspective.