• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2011

The compositions of health functional food products (HFFP; 18 products) containing gamma linolenic acid (GLA; $C_{18:3}$, n-6) and omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) were investigated. The contents of index components (especially, GLA and omega-3) in HFFPs were monitored by GC-FID analysis. Among the GLA products (sample No. 1~8), the content of GLA in most samples (except sample No.6) ranged from 8.04 to 9.98 g/100 g. These results were suitable for the reference standard (more 7.0 g/100 g) of HFF. In the omega-3 products (sample No. 10 and 15) derived from harp seal oil (HSO), the total contents of EPA and DHA were 14.21-15.98 g/100 g, respectively. These values were suitable for the reference standard (more 12.0 g/100 g) of HFF. Besides, among the omega-3 products (sample No.9, 11~14, 16~18) derived from fish oil, the total content of EPA and DHA ranged from 24.11 to 31.20 g/100 g. These results were suitable for the reference standard (more 18.0 g/100 g) of HFF. In the result of TLC analysis, the HFFPs of 18 were mainly composed of triacylglycerols (TAGs). The content of trans fatty acid in 18 HFFPs was detected in less than 0.30 g/100 g. For the detection of trans fatty acid, $^1H$-NMR (600 MHz) can be used because chemical shift of trans fatty acid was observed at 5.3 ppm in this study.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 1991

- The effects of sodium acetate on the production of $\gamma$-linolenic acid (GLA) and the secretion of the mycelial lipid into the culture medium with noninnic surfactants were studied with Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P. In the addition of 2.0%) sodium acetate to the basal medium, dry cell weight and total lipid content were increased from 7.8 g/l and 2.46 g/l to 16.0 g/1 and 4.77 g/l, but GLA content was decreased from 18.6% to 13.85%. The growth of Mucor sp. KCTC 8405P was greatly dependent on both the initial pH and the concentration of sodium acetate of culture medium, which was considered as the results of the formation of acetic acid because the fungal growth was completely inhibited at the concentration of acetic acid higher than 22 mM. With the decrease of the oxygen supply, the cell growth, total lipid, and GLA content were sharply decreased in the presence of 2.0% sodium acetate. For the secretion of mycelial lipid into the culture medium, the effects of the various nonionic surfactants were examined. In the addition of 0.5% Tween 80 or Span 80 to the basal medium, 194 mg/l or 263 mg/l of GLA was obtained in the culture medium.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.610-615
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• 1992

The difference in content and composition of total lipid, lipid fractions and fatty acids of perilla leaves being used fresh vegetable was investigated in relation to the color of undersurface, i.e. green perilla leaves(GPL) and violet perilla leaves(VPL), by column- and thin layer- and gas chromatography. Total lipid(TL) content was of little difference between green leaves(GPL) (5.24%dw) and violet one (VPL) (5.02%dw), while neutral lipid(NL) content was higher In VPL(36.4% of TL) than GPL(34.7%). The major components were sterol ester and hydrocarbons(58.5%) and trigylcerides(14.9%) in NL, $mono-(42{\sim}45%)$ and $di-(13{\sim}15%)$ galactosyl digylceride in glycolipids(GL) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine$(40{\sim}45%)$ and phosphatidyl glycerol(13%) in phospholipids(PL) for both GPL and VPL. The number of component was 10 in all three fractions. The similarity of component between GPL and VPL was in decreasing order of NL(r=1.00), GL(r=0.997) and PL(r= 0.968). Major fatty acids were linolenic $(62{\sim}64%)$, palmitic$(10{\sim}12%)$ and linolic$(9{\sim}10%)$ for TL, linolenic, palmitic, myristic(43, 15, 14%) for NL, linolenic, oleic, palmitic(79, 11, 8%) for GL and linolenic, linoleic, palmitic(36, 25, 23%) for PL. Unsaturated fatty acid percentage was higher only in GL of VPL than GPL. The similarity of fatty acid composition between GPL and VPL was least in PL and so it was among other fraction with PL.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.539-544
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• 2008

A mutant of Arthrospira platensis PCC 9108, strain M9108, obtained by mutagenesis with UV treatment, was able to mixotrophically grow in an SOT medium containing 40 g of glucose/l. The biomass and specific growth rate of strain M9108 (4.10 g/l and 0.70/d) were 1.9-fold and 1.4-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild type (2.21 g/l and 0.58/d) under mixotrophic culture condition. In addition, when compared with the wild type, the content of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA) in the mutant was increased when glucose concentration was increased. Compared with the wild type, the GLA content of the mutant was 2-fold higher in autotrophic culture and about 3-fold higher in mixotrophic culture. Thus, the mutant appears to possess more efficient facility to assimilate and metabolize glucose and to produce more GLA than its wild-type strain.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.201-210
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• 2007

Soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] oil is versatile and used in many products. Modifying the fatty acid profile would make soy oil more functional in food and other products. The ideal oil with the most end uses would have saturates(palmitic + stearic acids) reduced from 15 to < 7%, oleic acid increased from 23 to > 55%, and linolenic acid reduced from 8 to < 3%. Reduced palmitic acid(16:0) is conditioned by three or more recessive alleles at the Fap locus. QTLs for reduced palmitic acid have mapped to linkage groups(LGs) A1, A2, B2, H, J, and L. Genes at the Fad locus control oleic acid content(18:1). Six QTLs($R^2$=4-25%) for increased 18:1 in N00-3350(50 to 60% 18:1) explained four to 25% of the phenotypic variation. M23, a Japanese mutant line with 40 to 50% 18:1 is controlled by a single recessive gene, ol. A candidate gene for FAD2-1A can be used in marker-assisted breeding for high 18:1 from M23. Low linolenic acid(18:3) is desirable in soy oil to reduce hydrogenation and trans-fat accumulation. Three independent recessive genes affecting omega-3 fatty acid desaturase enzyme activity are responsible for the lower 18:3 content in soybeans. Linolenic acid can be reduced from 8 to about 4, 2, and 1% from copies of one, two, or three genes, respectively. Using a candidate gene approach perfect markers for three microsomal omega-3 desaturase genes have been characterized and can readily be used in for marker assisted selection in breeding for low 18:3.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.38-44
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• 1984

In order to investigate the influence of gamma-irradiation on fatty acids in ginseng, ginseng were irradiated with various radiation doses(0-50 Mrads). The results are as follows. 1. With increasing dose, standard fatty acids were decreased in the order of linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, and their contents in the presence of oxygen were decreased more t than that in the absence of oxygen. 2. Changes of lipid content in white ginseng by gamma irradiation were varied with the samples, but the changes of crude lipid and purified lipid in a sample were showed same fashion. 3. The fatty acid contents in white ginseng were decreased by gamma irradiation in the order of linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 1994

Recently it is reported that RBC membrane fluidity decreases and RBC calcium levels increase with age. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in lipid and calcium metabolism with age, and to seek relationship of diet and metabolism. With clinically normal Korean adults(male 60, female 63), this study was carried out in three phases : 1) to analyze fatty acid percentage of RBC membrane, 2) to analyze calcium levels of RBC with age, and 3) to compare the effects of dietary fatty acid intake on blood fatty acid profiles. The results are as follows : The P/S ratio of RBC membrane fatty acid decreased with age. The RBC calcium content increased according to age, with women having a higher level than men. The higher intake groups of linolenic acid(C18:3) has statistically higher serum linolenic acid levels. But dietary effects of membrane fatty acid were not found. Therefore, the further research to seek the possible relationship of diet and membrane fatty acid should be continued.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.241-249
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• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of P, K and Ca on Perilla lipid content and composition. The results were summarized as follows; Seed yield of Perilla was more increased with P application than K and Ca. K application resulted in increased lipid content of Perilla seed, while P and Ca had no effect on lipid content. Triglyceride content in Perilla lipid was increased with application of P, particulary up to 92.1% with P+K+Ca application. Main fatty acids in Perilla lipid were palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid that is the most predominating fatty acid. P and Ca applicatin without K decreased the proportion of linolenic acid, and therefore degree of unsaturation when P and Ca were respectively applicated was 1.80 and 1.84, but when together with K they were respectively increased to 2.06 and 2.11. 4-Desmethyl sterols which is a predominating fraction in unsaponifiables of seed lipid were identified as campesterol, stigmasterol, and sitosterol. Of the 4-desmethylsterols, sitosterol showed the highest proportion at all pots with different kinds of fertilizers.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.251-257
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• 1982

Fatty acid and sterol composition of soybean seedlings was investigated by treatment of light irradiation time. The results obtained were as follows; 1. In hypocotyl of seedlings, the proportion of linoleic and linolenic acid was in creased with increasing light irradiation time, while those of palmitic and stearic acid was decreased. 2. In root of seedlings, the proportion of palmitic and linolenic acid was decreased with increasing light irradiation time, but those of stearic and oleic acid was in creased 2 days after germination. 3. Throughout their growth, the main sterol of cotyledon was the stigmasterol but that of in hypocotyl and roots was sitosterol. 4. On 6 days after planting, the content of sitosterol was the highest in hypocotyl of seedlings recieved 24-hour irradiation. 5. The proportion of sitosterol in root was decreased with growth duration under the dark and 24 hour-irradiation condition while increased under 16 hour irradiation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1729-1735
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• 2011

The effect of flaxseed meal on broiler performance, carcass characteristics, alpha-linolenic acid contents, and organoleptic characteristics of chicken meat was studied during a 42 day experiment. Broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 experimental groups and fed iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets containing flaxseed meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15%. Flaxseed meal did not affect the weekly body weight of broiler chicks during the first two weeks but thereafter weekly body weight reduced among flaxseed meal groups. At the end of $6^{th}$ week, birds fed on 15% flaxseed meal showed a reduction of 8% in body weight compared to the control group. Control group had significantly higher weight gain with slightly higher feed consumption and better feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and energy efficiency ratio (EER) than the flaxseed meal groups. Among the treatments, birds of 5 and 10% flaxseed meal groups had significantly better FCR, PER and EER compared to those of the 15% flaxseed meal group. The carcass characteristics data indicated a significant reduction in the eviscerated weight and breast yield at 15% flaxseed meal in the diet as compared to other dietary groups. However, the alpha-linolenic acid content in both breast and thigh meat was higher with an increasing level of flaxseed meal in the diets without affecting the sensory acceptability of meat. Based on the present study, up to 10% of flaxseed meal may be used in broiler diet to enhance the alpha-linolenic acid content in the broiler meat.