• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.261-276
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• 2010

The analysis of an art trend in the principle dimension starts by observing the object of work in the perspective of formative composition and recognizing it as a universal system. It can be said that it is consistent with an interpretation method for a form theory of formal history by Heinrich W$\ddot{o}$lfflin, a leading form critic in art criticism. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find out what are the formative principles in Renaissance Classicism as a design principle to be applicable to modern fashion by reviewing the formative characteristics of Renaissance Classicism Architecture with which W$\ddot{o}$lfflin directly dealt. As for the theoretical literature review, I used W$\ddot{o}$lfflin's theoretical framework and looked at the Renaissance Classicism Architecture that he studied and examined the possibility of utilizing his theory as a layout principle and the characteristics. As for analysis of design cases, I applied the aforementioned architecture layout principle to modern fashion and conducted case study analysis to delve into distinctive layout principles found in fashion. The study showed that the Renaissance Classicism Architectural Style is marked by linearity, planarity, closing and multiple unity: linearity was expressed in the observation form in fixed frontal view and an emphasis on a tangible silhouette homeogenous and definite line structures; planarity was achieved in the form of paralleled layers of frontal view element, planarity style, and identical and proportional repetition of various sizes.; closing signified the pursuit of complete and clear regularity, and architecture developed in a constructive phase through organizational inevitability and absolute invariability.; multiple unity was expressed in self-completedness and independent parallel of discrete forms and harmony of emphasized individual elements in a totality. Applying these layout characteristics of the Renaissance Classicism Architectural style and to see their individual expressive features, I found out that in adopting layout principles of the Renaissance Classicism Architecture to modern fashion, it turned out to be an emphasis of individual silhouettes, a flattened space, completed objects, organic harmony among independent parts: the emphasis of individual silhouettes was expressed in individual definitiveness of formative lines of clothes in accordance with body joints and an emphasis on formative lines of clothes; the flattened space was marked by single layer structure, planarity of elements of clothes, and listing arrangement by appropriate proportion.; the completedness of the objects was expressed by the stationary state where overall image is fixed, the construction of homogeneous and complete space, and absolute inevitability of internal layout in proportion; lastly, organic harmony of independent parts was stressed in independent completedness of each detail, and organic harmony of the whole. The expressive features would lead to a unique expression style of linear emphasis, proportion, constructive forms, and two-dimensional arrangement. The meaning of this study is follows: The characteristics of art school of thought are given shape by appling & analysing the architectural layout principles of historical art school of thought to modern fashion in the view point of formal construction dimension. The applied possibility of historical art school of thought as the source of inspiration about the fashion design is extended.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

Statement of problems: The concept of CR has also changed continuously.?In order to find out the factors that affect the centric slide, studies were carried out to compare the forms of wisdom teeth eruption, lateral movement, premature contact in CR, and anterior movement. Research and statistical methods were based on the report by the 1980 Korean dental association. Material and method: In our study, 403 dentists in their twenties and dentistry students who could understand CR and CO (and who did not receive occlusal, orthodontic treatment, without extreme caries and large prosthodontic care) were compared with the 25 year old results. A segment of line parallel to the upper incisor was marked on the lower incisor. When seen laterally, a line perpendicular to the occlusal plane was drawn on the foremost area of the upper incisor. This line was extended to the lower incisor and the two points (points at the lower and upper incisors) were used as reference points for the CO. After guiding the occlusion to the CR, two lines were marked by using the same method that was used for the CO. The point in which these lines meet became the reference point of CR occlusion Results and conclusions: Results of the experiment completed in 1980 show that all 307 research members had anterior-posterior and upper-lower displacement. Displacement measurements were $0.7{\pm}0.4mm$ for the anterior-posterior displacement, $0.99{\pm}0.50mm$ for the upper-lower displacement,0.18{\pm}0.31 mm for the lateral displacement, and $1.32{\pm}0.67mm$ for the total displacement. Results of the 2006 experiment show that all 409 research members had anterior-posterior and upper-lower displacement. The anterior-posterior displacement was $1.12{\pm}0.86mm$, the upper-lower displacement was $1.02{\pm}0.71mm$, the lateral displacement was $0.61{\pm}0.56mm$, and the total displacement was $1.80{\pm}0.99mm$. No specific differences were found between each group when comparing displacement according to the forms of wisdom teeth eruption. Since 1980, the percentage of unerupted teeth has increased from 35.16% (111/307 people) to 57.5% (236/409 people). Westernization of the Korean cranial form and intraoral structure has brought about these results. In our experiment, 26.7% (109/409 people) of the subjects were cuspid guided, while 7.3% (30/409 people) were mutually guided. No specific differences were found in the amount of displacement between the two groups. Only the subjects with anteriors coming in contact made up the largest percentage group (42.3%, 173/409 people) in our study. No specific differences were found between each group.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.35D no.9
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• pp.26-34
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• 1998

This paper presents a characterization method for faults of circuit patterns on MCM(Multichip Module) or PCB(Printed Circuit Board) substrates with electron beams of a SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) by inducing voltage contrast on the signal line. The experimentation employes dual potential electron beams for the fault characterization of circuit patterns with a commercial SEM without modifying its structure. The testing procedure utilizes only one electron gun for the generation of dual potential electron beams by two different accelerating voltages, one for charging electron beam which introduces the yield of secondary electron $\delta$ < 1 and the other for reading beam which introduces $\delta$ > 1. Reading beam can read open's/short's of a specific net among many test nets, simultaneously discharging during the reading process for the next step, by removing its voltage contrast. The experimental results of testing the copper signal lines on glass-epoxy substrates showed that the state of open's/short's had generated the brightness contrast due to the voltage contrast on the surface of copper conductor line, when the net had charged with charging electron beams of 7KV accelerating voltages and then read with scanning reading electron beams of 2KV accelerating voltages in 10 seconds. The experimental results with Au pads of a IC die and Au plated Cu pads of BGA substrates provided the simple test method of circuit lines with 7KV charging electron beam and 2KV reading beam. Thus the characterization method showed that we can test open and short circuits of the net nondestructively by using dual potential electron beams with one SEM gun.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 2004

Purpose : A new fiduciary plate and orientation marker have been devised to assist the quality assurance (QA) procedures for port films in radiation therapy department. The plate is used in conjunction with the film/cassette combination during weekly QA procedures, at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH), in order to verify treatment fields in high radiation therapy. Materials and Methods : A new fiduciary plate was fabricated using an acrylic plate, cerrobend, standard blocking tray and mercury. The acrylic plate had the dimension of $1{\times}25{\times}25$ cm, with two fiduciary markers. The plate was rigidly attached onto the standard blocking tray, thus making it easier to set the fiduciary plate to the center on the radiation field on the linear accelerator. The plate had two 2-mm vertical and horizontal lines, with the minor scales in 2-cm steps. The orientation marker was a small mercury filled disk, which was inserted into the plate. Results : The geometrical structure of the lines in the plate makes it easier to correlate two different images between the simulation and port films. The marker clearly indicated the orientation of the film, for example, the anterior, posterior, left, right and various oblique orientations, without the placement of a conventional orientation marker. Also, the new orientation marker could easily be applied to the simulator by placing the small orientation marker onto the image intensifier or in front of the film/cassette holder. Conclusions : The new fiduciary plate appears to be useful in verifying the treatment fields, and the new orientation marker makes the film orientation simple, which is expected to lower the block fabrication errors.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.67-85
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• 2007

We have performed the CSAMT survey to examine the geoelectrical structure and groundwater distribution for two survey lines across the south-eastern region of Jeju Island. Three kinds of 1-D inversion techniques were employed taking account of the geological situation around the observation sites, and their inversion results were concurrently compared and analyzed to improve the reliability of interpretation. The resultant inverted resistivity structures reveals the three-layered structure, which is composed of the layers with a high-low-lower resistivity from the surface downward. Through the comparison of the inverted resistivity model and core log of deep borehole nearby observation sites, the lithology of each inverted layer was inferred. The first layer and second layer corresponded to the basaltic layer with a thickness of $100{\sim}250m$, and the third layer to the Seoguipo Formation and the U Formation; the thickness of the Seoguipo Formation could not be estimated due to the limitation of investigation depth and little resistivity difference between both Formations. Nevertheless, the Seoguipo Formation, which is strongly associated with the groundwater system in the south-eastern region of Jeju Island, showed the conspicuous spatial continuity from the middle mountain area to coastal area.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.6 s.59
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• pp.960-976
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• 2005

Classicism pursued beauty comprised of a perfect form, and beauty was perceived as a state of sufficiency. Accordingly, a completed and permanent beauty was sought after; as a result, a perfect and flawless form became the mainstream, and there was an effort to visualize the eternal proportional perfection. In classicism, forms were perfectly embodied with systematic inevitability and absolute inflexibility, by which an extremely clear aspect appeared. This study analyzes a classical construction paradigm in modern fashion according to the five categories: 'Harmony and order by numerical proportion', 'Clear form', 'Simplification of form and two-dimensional Seh-form', 'Completed contracture structure', and 'Pluralistic unification', and the respective formative characteristics are as follows. First, in terms of the formative aspect of modern fashion,'Harmony and order by numerical proportion' results from thorough observance of extreme and golden section (proportion of 5 :8) which was an aesthetic standard of beautiful body in classicism. Second, 'Clear form' appears in clothes as individual clearness of structural elements expressing each part of body, and shows a well-established form possible to be grasped with equal and clear contour line. Third,'Simplification of form and two-dimensional Seh-form' comes out as form composition, single line, single layer structure, two-dimensional form and arrangement of elements of clothes through the front viewpoint caused by 2D diagramming work while fashion-designing and producing. Also, it is seen that two-dimensional proportion which is composed of sections through various harmonious lines and sides according to the simple two-dimensional compatibility principle is accomplished. Fourth, 'Completed contracture structure' emerges as an expression of stationariness, in other words, fixation of an overall impression. This is a tendency that the overall form is grasped as a fixedly intact shape without a big change of the silhouette of clothes. Fifth, 'Pluralistic unification' means that it respectively emphasizes all the parts composing clothes by making them individually independent at the same time as each element is inclusively shown with the harmony of the overall silhouette of clothes and many other details. This study examined classical formative characteristics through a theoretical research on a formative paradigm revealing the classical style. Also, the significance of classical or rational value of art was illuminated by observing what characteristics a classical formation paradigm shows in modern fashion. As a result, classical characteristics in modern fashion prove that classicism is not a merely past construction style separated from the present but a construction paradigm deeply involved in our reason system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.22 no.7 s.78
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• pp.41-48
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• 2004

We may consider the inducement of demand to public transportation as a solution to relieve traffic congestion and pollution. Subway has merits as moving on schedule, transporting more people than bus. But subway is required a vast investment in the early stage of construction has a huge debt. So it runs into red figures, and on this account, services of subway are falling more and more. Development of subway's operation cost function is useful to understand structure of subway's operation and catch the relations of operation cost and actual results. In addition, we can present the policy that is a helpful to the operation as development of operation cost function. But there are short of studies about operation cost deal with a subway comparison with local train. Because local train has many lines and data, on the other hand, subway has one to four lines and less data. Most of previous studies sought the operation cost function of Seoul. So this study aimed to develop and apply the operation cost function of Seoul, Incheon, Busan and Daegu area using full allocation method. In this study, we considered the number of passengers, track-km, train-km, revenue as actual results. By appling the operation cost function, we compared the average cost of each city and confirmed the existence of economies of scale about the number of passengers, train-km.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.451-457
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• 2018

Luminescence properties of $NaCa(PO_3)_3$ doped with $Tb^{3+}$ ions are investigated by optical and laser excitation spectroscopy. The phosphors were prepared by solidstate reaction method The X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to analyze the crystal structure and the crystallinity of the samples. The excitation and emission spectra and decay curve of $NaCa(PO_3)_3:Tb^{3+}$(0.01 ~ 30mol%) were measured at room temperature. The f - d band of $Tb^{3+}$ is observed in the excitation spectra of $NaCa(PO_3)_3:Tb^{3+}$ in the wave length region 205 ~ 245 nm. Strong emission lines due to the $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_J$ transition and weak emission lines due to the $^5D_4{\rightarrow}^7F_J$ transition are observed in the emission spectra of $NaCa(PO_3)_3:Tb^{3+}$. The energy transfer and cross relaxation between $Tb^{3+}$ ions are discussed in $NaCa(PO_3)_3:Tb^{3+}$ in the emission spectra and life time.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.25-32
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• 2020

The underground utilities installed under the ground is an important civil engineering structure, such as water supply and sewerage pipes, underground power lines, various communication lines, and city gas pipes. Such underground utilities can be exposed to risk due to external factors such as concentrated rainfall and vehicle load, and it is important to select and construct an appropriate backfill material. Currently, a method mainly used is to fill the soil around the underground utilities and compact it. But it is difficult to compact the lower part of the buried pipe and the compaction efficiency decreases, reducing the stability of the underground utilities and causing various damages. In addition, there are disadvantages such as a decrease in ground strength due to disturbance of the ground, a complicated construction process, and construction costs increase because the construction period becomes longer, and civil complaints due to traffic restrictions. One way to solve this problem is to use a liquid filler. The liquid filler has advantages such as self-leveling ability, self-compaction, fluidity, artificial strength control, and low strength that can be re-excavated for maintenance. In this study, uniaxial compression strength test and fluidity test were performed to characterize the mixed soil using marine clay, stabilizer, and in-situ soil as backfill material. A freezing-thawing test was performed to understand the strength characteristics of the liquid filler by freezing, and in order to examine the effect of the filling materials on the corrosion of the underground pipe, an electrical resistivity test and a pH test were performed.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2016

This study examines the cruise course network structure in the Asian regions and the centrality of ports using social network analysis (SNA). For network analysis of Asian cruise courses, a data network of cruise courses was constructed using data on courses of cruise ships operating in Asian ports collected from the reports of the Cruise Lines International Associations.There are 249 nodes or ports of ship companies that provide cruise courses to Asia between from October 2015 to June 2016, and these nodes connect 545 ports. Density analysis based on ports where cruise ship companies operated cruise ships showed that, from October 2015 to June 2016, the density was 0.009, which was lower than the average of global port network density (2006 to 2011) and railroad network density. In addition, was calculated to be, which means that connection with all ports was possible through 2,180 steps. In the analysis of the Asian cruise course network centrality, Singapore ranked first in both out-degree and in-degree in connection centrality, followed by Hong Kong, Shanghai, Ho Chi Minh, and Keelung. Singapore also ranked first in the result betweenness centrality analysis, followed by Penang, Dubai, and Hong Kong. From October 2015 to June 2016, the port with the highest Eigenvector centrality was Hong Kong, followed by Ho Chi Minh, Singapore, Shanghai, and Danang. In the case of the domestic ports Incheon, Busan, and Jeju, connection centrality, betweenness centrality, and Eigenvector centrality all ranked lower than their competitor Chinese ports.