• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.233-238
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• 2005

CELP 계열 음성부호화기는 대략 4.8kbps의 전송률로 음질 면에서 우수한 특성을 지닌다. 이중에서 인터넷폰과 화상회의를 위해 개발되어진 G.723.1 음성부호화기는 5.3kbps ACELP와 6.3kbps MP-MLQ 이중 전송률로 구성된다. 본 논문에서는 CELP 계열 음성부호화기의 음질 개선을 위해 가변 윈도우를 이용한 새로운 스펙트럼 분석 알고리즘을 제안한다. 기존의 방법에서는 스펙트럼 분석시 고정 윈도우를 사용하기 때문에 합성음의 스펙트럼의 경우 왜곡이 발생한다. 그러므로 스펙트럼 누설을 최소화하기 위해 조절되어진 윈도우를 사용하였다. 제안한 알고리즘을 G.723.1 ACELP에 적용한 실험결과에서 스펙트럼 왜곡은 0.084dB 정도 감소, 잔차 에너지는 6.3$\%$ 감소하였으며 이에 반해 MOS는 0.1 정도 개선되었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.124-131
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• 2012

Most conventional instruments measuring disability rely on total score by simply adding individual item responses, which is dependent on the items chosen to represent the underlying construct (test-dependent) and a test statistic, such as coefficient alpha for the estimate of reliability, varying from sample to sample (sample-dependent). By contrast, item response theory (IRT) method focuses on the psychometric properties of the test items instead of the instrument as a whole. By estimating probability that a respondent will select a particular rating for an item, item difficulty and person ability (or disability) can be placed on same linear continuum. These estimates are invariant regardless of the item used (test-free measurement) and the ability of sample applied (sample-free measurement). These advantages of IRT allow the creation of invariantly calibrated large item banks that precisely discriminate the disability levels of individuals. Computer adaptive testing (CAT) method often requiring a testing algorithm promise a means for administering items in a way that is both efficient and precise. This method permits selectively administering items that are closely matched to the ability level of individuals (measurement precision) and measuring the ability without the loss of precision provided by the full item bank (measurement efficiency). These measurement properties can reasonably be achieved using IRT and CAT method. This article aims to investigate comprehensive overview of the existing disability instrument for back pain and to inform physical therapists of an alternative innovative way overcoming the shortcomings of conventional disability instruments. An understanding of IRT and CAT method will equip physical therapist with skills in interpreting the measurement properties of disability instruments developed using the methods.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.90-101
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• 2015

Objective: This study was conducted to develop a chemical oxygen demand (COD) regression model using water quality monitoring data (January, 2014) obtained from the Han River auto-monitoring stations. Methods: Surface water quality data at 198 sampling stations along the six major areas were assembled and analyzed to determine the spatial distribution and clustering of monitoring stations based on 18 WQPs and regression modeling using selected parameters. Statistical techniques, including combined genetic algorithm-multiple linear regression (GA-MLR), cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to build a COD model using water quality data. Results: A best GA-MLR model facilitated computing the WQPs for a 5-descriptor COD model with satisfactory statistical results ($r^2=92.64$,$Q{^2}_{LOO}=91.45$,$Q{^2}_{Ext}=88.17$). This approach includes variable selection of the WQPs in order to find the most important factors affecting water quality. Additionally, ordination techniques like PCA and CA were used to classify monitoring stations. The biplot based on the first two principal components (PCs) of the PCA model identified three distinct groups of stations, but also differs with respect to the correlation with WQPs, which enables better interpretation of the water quality characteristics at particular stations as of January 2014. Conclusion: This data analysis procedure appears to provide an efficient means of modelling water quality by interpreting and defining its most essential variables, such as TOC and BOD. The water parameters selected in a COD model as most important in contributing to environmental health and water pollution can be utilized for the application of water quality management strategies. At present, the river is under threat of anthropogenic disturbances during festival periods, especially at upstream areas.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1988

도로망(道路網)의 신설(新設) 및 개량사업(改良事業)의 적정화(適正化)를 위하여, 연속적(連續的) 설계변수(設計變數)를 채택(採擇)한 가로망(街路網) 설계기법(設計技法)을 제시(提示)하였다. 이를 위하여 수정(修正)된 Hooke-and-Jeeves 알고리듬을 사용(使用)함으로써, 통행시간(通行時間) 및 통행비용(通行費用)과 도로건설비용(道路建設費用)의 합(合)으로 구성(構成)되는 가로망(街路網) 설계문제(設計問題)의 해(解)를 풀었다. 여러 가지 형태(形態)의 건설비용함수(建設費用凾數)와 초기해(初期解)의 위치(位置), 도로구간별(道路區間別) 개선정도(改善程度)의 초기치별(初期値別)로 이 기법(技法)의 적용도(適用度)를 검토(檢討)하였다. 본(本) 논문(論文)의 연구결과(硏究結果), 가로망(街路網) 설계(設計)의 평가회수(評價回數)를 크게 줄였으며, 효율적(効率的)인 초기해(初期解), 초기용량증감치(初期容量增減値), 근사기법(近似技法) 등이 제시(提示)되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2000

An investigation has been performed to develop an analysis tool based on a nonlinear beam theory, which can be used to predict the long-term behavior of an artificial hip joint. The nonlinear behav ior of the femur arise from the coupled dependence of the bone density and the mechanical properties on each other. The beam theory together with its numerical algorithm is developed to take into account the nonlinear bone remodeling process of the femur that is long enough to be assumed as a beam. A piecewise linear curve for the bone remodeling rate is used in the bone remodeling theory and the surface area density of bone is modeled as the third order polynomial function of bone density. At each section of the beam, a constant curvature is assumed and the longitudinal strains are also assumed to vary linearly across the section. The Newton-Rhapson iteration method is used to solve the nonlinear equations for each cross section of the bone and a backward method is used to march along the time. The density and the remodeling signal ar, calculated along with time for the various time steps, and the developed beam theory has been verified by comparing with the results of finite element analysis of a remodeling bone with an artificial hip joint of titanium prosthesis subjected to uni-axial loads and pure bending moment. It is concluded that the developed beam theory can be used to predict the long-term behavior of the femur and thus to design the artificial hip prosthesis.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권12호
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• pp.2218-2229
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• 2006

A conservative finite-volume numerical method for unstructured grids with the cell-centered method has been developed for computing flow and heat transfer by combining the attractive features of the existing pressure-based procedures with the advances made in unstructured grid techniques. This method uses an integral form of governing equations for arbitrary convex polyhedra. Care is taken in the discretization and solution procedure to avoid formulations that are cell-shape-specific. A collocated variable arrangement formulation is developed, i.e. all dependent variables such as pressure and velocity are stored at cell centers. For both convective and diffusive fluxes the forms superior to both accuracy and stability are particularly adopted and formulated through a systematic study on the existing approximation ones. Gradients required for the evaluation of diffusion fluxes and for second-order-accurate convective operators are computed by using a linear reconstruction based on the divergence theorem. Momentum interpolation is used to prevent the pressure checkerboarding and a segregated solution strategy is adopted to minimize the storage requirements with the pressure-velocity coupling by the SIMPLE algorithm. An algebraic solver using iterative preconditioned conjugate gradient method is used for the solution of linearized equations. The flow analysis code (PowerCFD) developed by the present method is evaluated for its application to several 2-D structured-mesh benchmark problems using a variety of unstructured quadrilateral and triangular meshes. The present flow analysis code by using unstructured grids with the cell-centered method clearly demonstrate the same accuracy and robustness as that for a typical structured mesh.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.362-375
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• 2018

This study proposed a rapid microscopic examination method for pork freshness evaluation by using the self-assembled hyperspectral microscopic imaging (HMI) system with the help of feature extraction algorithm and pattern recognition methods. Pork samples were stored for different days ranging from 0 to 5 days and the freshness of samples was divided into three levels which were determined by total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) content. Meanwhile, hyperspectral microscopic images of samples were acquired by HMI system and processed by the following steps for the further analysis. Firstly, characteristic hyperspectral microscopic images were extracted by using principal component analysis (PCA) and then texture features were selected based on the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). Next, features data were reduced dimensionality by fisher discriminant analysis (FDA) for further building classification model. Finally, compared with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) model and support vector machine (SVM) model, good back propagation artificial neural network (BP-ANN) model obtained the best freshness classification with a 100 % accuracy rating based on the extracted data. The results confirm that the fabricated HMI system combined with multivariate algorithms has ability to evaluate the fresh degree of pork accurately in the microscopic level, which plays an important role in animal food quality control.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.131-150
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• 2003

A new numerical algorithm of finite element methods is presented to solve high Deborah number flow problems with geometric singularities. The steady inertialess planar 4 : 1 contraction flow is chosen for its test. As a viscoelastic constitutive equation, we have applied the globally stable (dissipative and Hadamard stable) Leonov model that can also properly accommodate important nonlinear viscoelastic phenomena. The streamline upwinding method with discrete elastic-viscous stress splitting is incorporated. New interpolation functions classified as rational interpolation, an alternative formalism to enhance numerical convergence at high Deborah number, are implemented not for the whole set of finite elements but for a few elements attached to the entrance comer, where stress singularity seems to exist. The rational interpolation scheme contains one arbitrary parameter b that controls the singular behavior of the rational functions, and its value is specified to yield the best stabilization effect. The new interpolation method raises the limit of Deborah number by 2∼5 times. Therefore on average, we can obtain convergent solution up to the Deborah number of 200 for which the comer vortex size reaches 1.6 times of the half width of the upstream reservoir. Examining spatial violation of the positive definiteness of the elastic strain tensor, we conjecture that the stabilization effect results from the peculiar behavior of rational functions identified as steep gradient on one domain boundary and linear slope on the other. Whereas the rational interpolation of both elastic strain and velocity distorts solutions significantly, it is shown that the variation of solutions incurred by rational interpolation only of the elastic strain is almost negligible. It is also verified that the rational interpolation deteriorates speed of convergence with respect to mesh refinement.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1845-1848
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• 2005

The automatic $CO_2$ welding is a manufacturing process to produce high quality joints for metal and it could provide a capability of full automation to enhance productivity. Despite the widespread use in the various manufacturing industries, the full automation of the robotic $CO_2$ welding has not yet been achieved partly because the mathematical model for the process parameters of a given welding task is not fully understood and quantified. Several mathematical models to control welding quality, productivity, microstructure and weld properties in arc welding processes have been studied. However, it is not an easy task to apply them to the various practical situations because the relationship between the process parameters and the bead geometry is non-linear and also they are usually dependent on the specific experimental results. Practically, it is difficult, but important to know how to establish a mathematical model that can predict the result of the actual welding process and how to select the optimum welding condition under a certain constraint. In this research, an attempt has been made to develop an intelligent algorithm to predict the weld geometry (top-bead width, top-bead height, back-bead width and back-bead height) as a function of key process parameters in the robotic $CO_2$welding. A sensitivity analysis has been conducted and compared the relative impact of three process parameters on bead geometry in order to verify the measurement errors on the values of the uncertainty in estimated parameters.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.67-75
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• 2018

다차원척도법은 개체간의 비유사성을 저차원 공간에 기하적으로 표현하기 위한 다변량 자료의 탐색적 분석기법이다. 그러나 일반적인 다차원척도그림에서는 개체들의 유사성 정보만이 표현될 뿐 변수와 관련된 정보가 나타나지 않기 때문에 그림의 해석 상에 한계점이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 범주형 자료를 다중표시행렬로 변환하고 Torgerson (1958)의 알고리즘에 의한 다차원척도법을 적용하여 개체들의 군집화 성향과 군집들의 상대적 크기를 다차원척도그림으로 시각화하였다. 그리고 Shin 등 (2015)의 분할법을 적용하여 범주형변수의 범주수준별 정보를 다차원척도그림 상에 투영하여 추가적인 정보를 표현하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제안하고자 하는 다차원척도그림을 이용하면 개체들의 유사성 정보와 함께 범주형변수들 사이의 연관성도 탐색할 수 있는 장점이 있다.