• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.273-277
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• 1994

Six flavonoids were isolated from the aerial parts of Cirsium flavonoids were identified as apigenin, luteolin, $pectolinarigenin-7-O-{\betha}-D-glucopyranoside$, linarin, pectolinarin and $hispidulin-7-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamonopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\betha}-D-glucopyranoside$ on the basis of chemical and spctral evidence.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2011

This study was performed to determine the composition of phenolic substances contained in the leaves of Cirsium setidens (Compositae), validate the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, and determine the in vivo sedative effect of the main component pectolinarin. Six phenolic compounds isolated from C. setidens were spectroscopically identified as chlorogenic acid (1), hyperoside (2), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), caffeic acid methyl ester (4), linarin (5), and pectolinarin (6) and then used as standard compounds for HPLC analysis. HPLC proved to be precise, accurate, and sensitive for the simultaneous analysis of the phenolic substances. In particular, six compounds showed good regression ($R^2$ > 0.999) within test ranges and recovery was in the range of 95.4 - 104.8%. The content of pectolinarin was considerably higher (156.48 mg/g) than those of other phenolic substances including the other flavone glycoside, linarin (18.99 mg/g). The contents of other phenolic substances, in order, were chlorogenic acid (8.41 mg/g), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5.74 mg/g), hyperoside (4.33 mg/g), and caffeic acid methyl ester (0.51 mg/g). Oral administration with compound 6 (10 and 20 mg/kg) enhanced the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital in mice, indicating that it has a sedative effect.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.640-646
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• 2012

This research was attempted to determine the composition of flavone glycosides (luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, linarin) in addition to luteolin simultaneously in aerial part of Youngia japonica (Compositae) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The MeOH extract was further fractionated into the three parts, $CHCl_3$ fraction, EtOAc fraction and BuOH fraction, to investigate the contents of the four flavones in the three fractions. The content of luteolin 7-O-glucuronide (10.07 mg/g) was highest in the MeOH extract among those of the flavones. These four compounds were observed to be less than 1.0 mg/g in $CHCl_3$- and EtOAc fractions but relatively high in BuOH fraction.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-68
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• 1995

The methanol extract from the whole parts of the flowers of Chrysanthemum boreals was found to exhibit a significant inhibition of a rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) activity in vitro. Bioassay guided systematic fractionation of the methanol extract led to the isolation of four flavonoids which were identified as acacetin (1), apigenin (II), luteolin (III) and linarin (IV). Compounds I-III were demonstrated to exhibit a significant inhibition of RLAR. Luteolin (II) was found to be the most potent AR inhibitor with $IC_{50}$ value of $5{\times}10^{-7}M$.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.203.1-203.1
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• 2003

Calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine A (CsA)and tacrolimus (FK506), have been studied extensively regarding their effects on T lymphocytes, but their effects on dendritic cells (DC) are relatively unknown. DC can really capture Ag from dead and dying cells for presentation to MHC class I-restricted CTL. The main targets for the immunosuppressive calcinerin inhibitors, FK506 and CsA, have been considered to be activated T cells, but not antigen presenting cells (APCs). (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 2016

The phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effect of Cirsium japonicum extract were evaluated in this study. High performance liquid chromatography mass analysis showed that C. japonicum was composed of chlorogenic acid, linarin, and pectolinarin. C. japonicum extract showed its antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of 567 and $130{\mu}g/mL$ by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, respectively. The total antioxidant capacities of C. japonicum via DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were 11.32, 100.15, and $12.76{\mu}g/mL$ trolox equivalents, respectively. In addition, the neuroprotective effect of C. japonicum extract was investigated by measuring cell viability via MTT, LDH and DCF-DA assay using $H_2O_2-damaged$ PC12 cells. C. japonicum extract showed neuronal cell protective effects in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicated that C. japonicum extract has potent antioxidant and neuronal protective effects. Therefore, C. japonicum can be regarded as an effective and safe functional food resource as natural antioxidants, and may decrease the risk of neurodegenerative disorders.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.326-333
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• 2009

Fourteen compounds were isolated from the 70% ethanol extract of Lonicera Caulis (Caprifoliaceae) and their structures were identified as seven aliphatic compounds [long-chain alcohols (1, 2), trilinolein (3), hexacosanol (4), fatty acids (6), 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadeca-10(E),15(Z)-dienoic acid (10), and pinellic acid (11)] and seven phenolics [bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dioctylphthalate, DOP) (5), coniferaldehyde (7), caffeic acid docosanoyl ester (8), caffeic acid (9), coniferyl aldehyde 4-O-glucoside (12), linarin (13), and coniferin (14)]. The chemical structures of these compounds were identified on the basis of spectroscopic methods and comparison with literature values. All the compounds except for caffeic acid (9) were isolated from this plant parts for the first time.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.31-43
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• 2023

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Cirsium setidens. Methods : Domestic and international articles about Cirsium setidens were investigated. A review was perfoemed via DB searching engine such as Sci.Direct, Springer, DBpia, KISS, Google scholar, Kipris, and so on. Total 73 listed literature were classified by compound analysis and pharmacological efficacy. Results : C. setidens contains pectolinarin and its glycoside, pectolinarigenin as index compounds, and linarin, apigenin, diosmetin, scopoletin, acacetin, cirsimarin, cirsimaritin, setidenosides A and B, silymarin, hispidulin, 92 volatile compounds, and 15 fatty acids. The Pharmacological activities of C. setidens has been reported to inhibit of platelet aggregation and fat accumulation in the liver, inhibit to hepatitis, anti-cancer, antibacterial, skin improvement, hair growth, liver protection, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, sedative. Also, It has been reported the effect of cholesterol-lowering and anti-obesity, neuroprotective effects, increasing human stem cell viability, inhibiting osteoclast formation and osteogenic differentiation. Conclusion : This reviews showed that C. setidens which has been traditionally used for the treatment of inflammation and hypertension, has anticancer and river protective effect, as well as hair loss and diet. In order to maximize the efficacy of C. setidens, research has also begun on the effect of processing processes such as fermentation or fine powdering and combining natural plant resources.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.155-161
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• 2015

Peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻)-scavenging activities of nine Compositae herbs consisting of three Ixeris, two Youngia, two Cirsium and one of each Lactuca and Taraxacum species were evaluated. The contents of their ONOO⁻ scavengers in the extracts were also determined on a HPLC using seven standard compounds, chlorogenic acid (CGA), chicoric acid (CA), luteolin 7-glucoside (luteolin-7-glc), luteolin 7-glucuronide (luteolin-7-glcU), luteolin, linarin and pectolinarin. Five of those compounds exhibited potent ONOO⁻-scavenging activities: IC₅₀, CA (0.76 μM), CGA (1.34 μM), luteolin (0.81 μM), luteolin-7-glc (0.86 μM) and luteolin-7-glcU (3.13 μM). Both CA and luteolin-7-glc were highly contained in I. dentata (19.71 mg/g and 13.58 mg/g, respectively), I. dentata var. albiflora (17.58 mg/g and 23.83 mg/g, respectively) and I. sonchifolia (65.71 mg/g and 6.99 mg/g, respectively). Among the nine herbs, those three Ixeris species had very low IC₅₀ values over the range of 0.48 - 1.74 μg/mL, suggesting that they could be potential therapeutic vegetables, particularly for preventing diabetic complications or obesity, which can be caused by an excess production of ONOO⁻.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2023.04a
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• pp.17-17
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• 2023

Chrysanthemum zawadskii (C. zawadskii) is used in traditional East Asian medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including inflammatory disease. However, it has remained unclear whether extracts of C. zawadskii inhibit inflammasome activation in macrophages. The present study assessed the inhibitory effect of an ethanol extract of C. zawadskii (CZE) on the activation of the inflammasome in macrophages and the underlying mechanism. Bone marrow[-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were obtained from wild-type C57BL/6 mice. The release of IL-1β and lactate dehydrogenase in response to nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activators, such as ATP, nigericin and monosodium urate (MSU) crystals, was significantly decreased by CZE in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-primed BMDMs. Western blotting revealed that CZE inhibited ATP-induced caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β maturation. To investigate whether CZE inhibits the priming step of the NLRP3 inflammasome, we confirmed the role of CZE at the gene level using RT-qPCR. CZE also downregulated the gene expression of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β as well as NF-κB activation in BMDMs in response to LPS. Apoptosis associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) oligomerization and speck formation by NLRP3 inflammasome activators were suppressed by CZE. By contrast, CZE did not affect NLR family CARD domain containing protein 4 (NLRC4) or absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome activation in response to Salmonella typhimurium and poly(dA:dT) in LPS-primed BMDMs, respectively. The results revealed that three key components of CZE, namely linarin, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and chlorogenic acid, decreased IL-1β secretion in response to ATP, nigericin and MSU. These findings suggest that CZE effectively inhibited activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.