• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.162-174
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• 2012

To visualize the characteristics of vertical seawater temperature data, in the ocean having 3D spatial characteristics, 2D thematic maps like horizontal seawater temperature distribution map at each depth layer and 3D volume model using 3D spatial interpolation are used. Although these methods are useful to understand oceanographic phenomena visually, there is a limit to analyze the spatial pattern of vertical temperature distribution or the relationship between vertical temperature characteristics and other oceanic factors (seawater chemistry, marine organism, climate change, etc). Therefore, this study aims to determine the spatial distribution characteristics of vertical temperature profiles in the South Sea of Jeju by quantifying the characteristics of vertical temperature profiles by using an algorithm that can extract the thermocline parameters, such as mixed layer depth, maximum temperature gradient and thermocline thickness. For this purpose spatial autocorrelation index (Moran's I) was calculated including mapping of spatial distribution for three parameters representing the vertical temperature profiles. Also, after grouping study area as four regions by using cluster analysis with three parameters, the characteristics of vertical temperature profiles were defined for each region.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2018

The effect of elevated temperature on temperate paddy rice will be significant for dependable food supply in East Asia. Using temperature gradient field chamber (TGFC), which was designed to make the horizontal air temperature gradient by $0^{\circ}C$ to $3^{\circ}C$ higher than outside, we examined the measurement to understand the effects of extremely high temperature on paddy rice. In particular, the data of the year 2016, the worst heat wave in over 22 years, was analyzed in this study. The rice height in the relatively warmed condition was rapidly increased during early growth stage. However, the average grain weight and number of spikelet per panicle in the warmed chamber condition were gradually declined with increasing air temperature averaged for 40 days after first heading in each chamber. In particular, the grain yield was more dramatically decreased by the raising temperature because the percent ripened grain was quickly dropped as getting over the threshold temperature for pollination. Therefore, the surplus photosynthetic product by such lower grain filling rate may disturbed the decreases of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and SPAD chlorophyll values after first (normal) heading. In addition, the late-emerging head grain were appeared. However, this yield was too small to recover the normal yields decreased by extremely high temperature condition. Our result represented that the warmed condition in 2016 would be the critical limit for the stable yield of temperate paddy rice.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.696-700
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• 1999

The effects and behaviors of heavy metals incoming from industrial by-products were investigated in cement clinker reaction. The raw meal containing 500 ppm of heavy metal ion such as Cu, Cd, Cr, and Pb was calcined at $1450^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes. Burnability index, fixation concentration of heavy metals in clinker, and apportionment ratio were analyzed. Pb had a minimum fixation concentration of under 5% and Cr had a maximum over 85%. The burnability of Cr containing clinker was lower than that of others as the result of higher value of 3.41% of free lime after calcination at $1450^{\circ}C$. Cu, Cd, and Pb had not any significant effects on the clinker reactitivity. The volatility of heavy metals produced lots of macropores and micropores in clinker and minerals. Cd and Cr were the major apportionments in alite and belite and Cu in interstitial phase. Pb was existed under the detection limit of EDAX analysis due to its higher volatility.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.481-504
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Biseul. The vascular plants collected 10 times(from May 2006 to October 2007) were identified as 468 taxa in total, including 89 families, 302 genera, 397 species, 1 subspecies, 59 varieties and 11 forms. Korean endemic plants of this area were identified as 17 taxa including Thalictrum uchiyamai, Coreanomecon hylomeconoides, Lonicera subsessilis, etc.; the Ministry of Environment-designated plants, which should be protected by the wildlife protection law, were identified as one taxon including Aconitum austrokoreense; the Office of Forestry-designated rare & endangered plants were identified as 6 taxa including Viola albida, Lloydia triflora, Streptopus ovalis, etc.; the naturalized plants were identified as 34 taxa, and their naturalization ratio and urban index were found to be 7.3%, and 12.2% respectively. This study newly identified about 160 taxa of the plants, among which 17 taxa were newly added to the list of naturalized plants, such as Phytolacca americana, Dicentra spectabilis, Lepidium apetalum, Medicago lupulina, Euphorbia supina, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Cosmos bipinnatus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga ciliata, Rudbeckia bicolor, Sonchus oleraceus, Tagetes minuta, Taraxacum officinale, Chloris virgata, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Tradescantia reflexa, etc. There existed many kinds of plants resources having conservational value like Aconitum austrokoreense etc. in this area, but there remains a fear of nature destruction's acceleration due to indiscriminate human development and access of a lot of visitors, so it is judged that there should be a management plan, such as a limit on the number of visitors or rest-year-system for restoration of nature.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.255-259
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• 1995

Improvement in potential Crop yield could be achieved through either the improve-ment of source potential or sink capacity, but preferably both simultaneously. The field experiment was performed to evaluate the genotypic difference in partitioning of dry matter into each plant part in response to photosynthetic manipulation as well as to assess whether the soybean yield is source or sink-limited. Four soybean genotypes, which were 'Baekunkong', 'Suwon 168', and two local soy-beans with black seed coat(hereafter referred to as the 'black soybean', 'Kangleungjarae' and 'Keumleungjarae', were grown in four different environments in which one or two layers of shading net during grain filling and two different planting densities(55,000 and 110,000 plants $ha^{-1}$) were applied to manipulate photosynthesis. Significant effects of genotype (G), photosynthetic manipulation(P), and$G^p$P were shown in top and grain dry weight. Relative grain to top dry weight was the lowest in soybean plants grown at 110,000 plants$ha^{-1}$and covered with two layers of shading net during grain filling, Evaluation of dynamic changes in shoot harvest index in response to photosynthetic manipulation treatments revealed that sink was more limited in local black soybeans than Suwon 168 and Baekunkong, indicating that the availability of photosynthate during grain filling did not limit the grain yield in local black soybeans when compared to Baekunkong and Suwon 168.oybeans when compared to Baekunkong and Suwon 168.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.187-198
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• 1995

This paper develops practical and reallstic reliabllity models and methods for the evaluation of system rehability and system rellabllity based ratlng of R.C box glrder bridge superstructures. The precise prediction of reberved carrying capacity of bridge as d system is extremely difficult especially when the brldges are highly redundant and slgnlficantly deter 1or;itcd or dainagetl. Thls papel proposes a nt2w approach for the evaluation of reseived system c,drrying capaaty of br~dges in terms ot equ~vdleiit system strength, which may b~ ddcflned as a brtdge system strength correipcmdlng tu the system rehability of the bridge. This cm be ticrAvcd from an Inverse process bami or1 the con~ept of FOSM(F1rst Order Second Moment) form of system reliabihty index. The sf rength llmt state models for K C box girder br~dges suggested In the paper dre based on the basi~ bending and shear strength And thc system reliatxllty pro,~lerri of box gritier super structure 1s formuldted as parallel serles models obtalncd f ~ o m thc FMA(Fdilure blode Rp proath) based on major failure mc>clmusrns or c~itlcal fdure ,>tatcs of each nuder .WOSM(Ad-vanced First Order Second Moment) and IST(1mportance Sampling Technique) simulation algorithm are used for the reliability analysis of the proposed models.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2014

In the design of reinforced rectangular concrete beam structure, the minimum amount of flexural reinforcement is required to avoid brittle failure. KCI code is based on concept of ultimate strength and usually used as a model code. But bridge design code enacted by Ministry of land, transportation and maritime affairs in 2012 is based on concept of limit state and similar to Euro code EN 1992-2. This means that the minimum reinforcement presented in both design codes has different origination and safety margin. When rectangular concrete beams with minimum reinforcement are designed according to EN and KCI codes, the amount of minimum reinforcement specified in EN code is only 76% of that in KCI code. This makes the design engineers to be confused. In this study, flexural tests were conducted on nine beams with the two different minimum reinforcement specified in KCI and EN design codes. In results, the measured ratios of nominal strength to crack strength from the test were about 25% greater than those evaluated from the equations presented in KCI and EN codes. The EN beams having only 76% of the minimum reinforcement for the KCI beams were fractured by rupture of steel reinforcement but in ductile manner. It is confirmed that the minimum reinforcement concrete beams designed according to both codes have enough safety margin in flexural capacity and moreover in ductility.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.67-74
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to identify the effect of engineering properties on the resilient modulus ($M_r$) of cohesive soils as subgrade. Eight representative cohesive soils representing A-6, and A-7-6 soil types collected from road construction sites, were tested in the laboratory to determine their basic engineering properties. The laboratory tests for the engineering properties were Atterberg limits test, sieve analysis, hydrometer test, Standard Proctor compaction test, and unconfined compressive strength test. Resilient modulus test and unconfined compressive strength test were conducted on unsaturated cohesive soils at three different moisture contents (dry of optimum moisture content, optimum moisture content, and wet of optimum moisture content). The increase in moisture content considerably affected the decrease in the resilient modulus. The resilient modulus increased with an increase in maximum unconfined compressive strength, percent of clay, percent of silt and clay, liquid limit and plasticity index. The resilient modulus decreased with an increase in percent of sand.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.4266-4276
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• 2012

This study intend to analysis the main issue of deterioration of old housing complex for reproduction and derive the solution. Most of existing reproduction of hosing complex pushed to improve residential environment or expected rise real estate in value. For that reason, there was a limit to improve social problem of urban area behind hosing complex and surrounding area. Because government propel to make brand of city, have parking facilities and rise floor space index rather than established reproduction plan based on the aging problem of housing complex. Therefore, city need to deduct major reproduction issue to improve aging problem and prepare effective counterplan in complex and surround area by reproduction. This study progress through three steps of research. First, arrange problem of aging complex and way of response sustainably. Second, understand the importance by group toward improvement and aging problem that appear aging apartment complex through survey and opinion of expert. Third, comprehend major reproduction issue over this.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-related symptom severity, level of functional impairment and personality profiles between full-blown PTSD, partial PTSD and non-PTSD groups among 59 adolescent survivals from the Incheon fire disaster. Method : Using Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV PTSD, victims of the disaster were assigned to a full-blown PTSD group (n=18), a partial PTSD (n=22), or a non-PTSD group (n=19). Assessments included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Impact of Event Scales (IES), the McBride's Degree of General Labor Loss, and the Korean Version of Temperament and Character Inventory (K-TCI). Results : Significantly severe PTSD symptoms (F=4.832, df=2, p<.05) and functional impairment (F=12.144, df=2, p<.01) were demonstrated by PTSD groups as compared to the non-PTSD group. Interestingly, full and partial PTSD did not differ in these comparisons. Similarly, the subtypes of PTSD did not differ with respect to personality profiles using the K-TCI ; however, personality profiles were sharply differentiated between the PTSD and non-PTSD group. Conclusion : Although high subject homogeneity and small sample size may limit the results of this study, the present results highlight the possibility of the underestimation as well as the insufficient, treatment and compensation of partial vs full PTSD.