• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.51-95
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• 2002

1. As a point at issue of occidental medicine examination, followings have been indicated, 1) Occidental medical examination is performed by mainly test and instrument and therefore, role of doctors could be excluded and it could be diagnosed only for target disease and 2) in Korea, it could not be conducted in public medical system and therefore improvement effect of public health promotion could not be made due to increase of total medical expenses and infirmity of post management. These points are substantial limit of paradigm resided in occidental medicine and also problem caused by unique characteristics of medical system of Korea. In Korea, result of occidental medical examination show increased health risk from aged thirties and major diagnosed diseases are circulatory disease or chronic disease such as hepatic, hyperlipemic, hypertensional disease and diabetes, etc. Accounting that those chronic disease make a role as major public health risk, it is difficult that medical examination by only occidental medicine make effect on public health promotion. 2. Characteristics of oriental medicine examination could be summarized as diagnosis (information acquisition based on the facts) and demonstration (speculation based on acquired information) and in addition, quadruple diagnosis, as a medical examination method, include test as well as basic examination. Accounting on oriental medical examination, principally it is performed by independent herbalist and therefore, herbalist could acquire systemic result during first medical examination. Based on the theory of inner-outer examination, oriental medical examination has a principle of universe theory, systemic analysis of quadruple diagnosis, demonstration & reasoning. In addition, root of oriental medical examination could be found in pre-disease theory, a principal theory of oriental medicine. Pre-disease service could prove the advantage of oriental medicine in medical examination activities and therefore, it is needed that content of oriental medical examination should be actualized in current medical system. 3. In this study, oriental medical examination program, comprised of pulse-diagnosis, contrast muscular taking and medical consultation of herbalist is progressed communally with occidental medical examination. As pre-examination, questionary was given of general characteristics, health promoting life style, physical constitution and subjective symptom of musculoskeletal system. In addition, post-examination notification was given to subjects about health promoting control, physical constitution regimen and management of musculoskeletal system. During this study program, verification was conducted for input of acquired information and difference of each information after analysis and in addition, performed was analysis of factor influencing health promoting life style and musculoskeletal subjective symptom and evaluation of relationship of physical constitution and health promoting life study. In addition, it was verified of difference between musculoskeletal subjective symptom and result of muscle contrast picture evaluation. 4. Evaluation of oriental medical examination model is divided into 2 categories of oriental medical examination-consultation and result evaluation -post management. Oriental medical examination-consultation demands establishment of examination system, standardization of examination and establishment of examination form and in addition, it should be admitted as enlarged examination assists systemic quadruple diagnosis of herbalist not a key of oriental medical examination. In addition, information acquisition for research purpose should be performed according to the systemic research plan based on the separation of questionary for examination purpose and research purpose. For evaluation of the result, it was concluded that needed are result evaluation meets oriental medical system and post-notification system, informing health management information, based on examination result. 5. Accounting on satisfaction for oriental medical examination model, affirmative reply was much higher (66%) than negative (8.64%). Satisfaction of each area was in order of consultation of herbalist, systemic muscle contrast taking, pulse examination, post-notification and questionary fill-up and dissatisfaction was in order of post-notification, questionary fill-up, consultation of herbalist, systemic muscle contrast taking and pulse measurement. Satisfaction for collaborative examination of occidental and oriental medicine was over 60% and over 75% hope oriental examination would be included in later medical examination program. Based on this result, collaborative examination including occidental and oriental medicine could increase satisfaction of subjects for medical examination program.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.71-86
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• 1983

Current R.C. retaining wall design is bared on WSD, but the reliability based design method is more rational than the WSD. For this reason, this study proposes a reliability based design criteria for the cantilever retaining wall, which is most common type of retaining wall, and also proposes the theoretical bases of nominal safety factors of stability analysis by introducing the reliability theory. The limit state equations of stability analysis and design of each part of cantilever retaining wall are derived and the uncertainty measuring algorithms of each equation are also derived by MFOSM using Coulomb's coefficient of the active earth pressure and Hansen's bearing capacity formula. The levels of uncertainties corresponding to these algorithms are proposed appropriate values considering our actuality. The target reliability indices (overturning: ${\beta}_0$=4.0, sliding: ${\beta}_0$=3.5, bearing capacity: [${\beta}_0$=3.0, design for flexure: [${\beta}_0$=3.0, design for shear: ${\beta}_0$=3.2) are selected as optimal values considering our practice based on the calibration with the current R.C. retaining wall design safety provisions. Load and resistance factors are measured by using the proposed uncertainties and the selected target reliability indices. Furthermore, a set of nominal safety factors, allowable stresses, and allowable shear stresses are proposed for the current WSD design provisions. It may be asserted that the proposed LRFD reliability based design criteria for the R.C. retaining wall may have to be incorporated into the current R.C. design codes as a design provision corresponding to the USD provisions of the current R.C. design code.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1811-1815
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• 2014

Background: In clinical trials with no upper age limit, the proportion of older patients is usually small, probably reflecting the more conservative approach adopted by clinicians when treating the elderly. An exploratory analysis of elderly patients in the RECORD-1 Trial showed that patients ${\geq}$ 65 y.o. had superior median PFS than overall RECORD-1 population (5.4 months and 4.9 months, respectively). We investigated the efficacy, relative benefit and safety of Everolimus (EVE) as sequential therapy after failure of VEGFr-TKI therapy for older patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC), in daily practice. Materials and Methods: 172 consecutive IRB approved patients with mRCC (median age 65, M:F 135/37, 78% clear cell) who received salvage EVE at 39 tertiary institutions between October 2009 and August 2011 were included in this analysis. Some 31% had progressed on sunitinib, 22% on sorafenib, 1% on axitinib, 41% on sequential therapy, and 5% had received other therapy. Patients with brain metastases were not included and 95% of the patients had a ECOG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) performance status (PS) of 0 or 1. Previous radiotherapy was an exclusion criterion, but prior chemotherapy was permitted. Adequate organ function and hematologic parameters were mandatory. EVE administration was approved by the institutional review board at each participating institution and signed informed consent was obtained from all patients. Results: Median time of the whole cohort to last follow-up was 3.5 months (range 0.4-15.2 months). Forty four percent were continuing to take EVE at last followup. There were 86 (50%) patients ${\geq}$ 65 y.o. and 86 (50%) <65 y.o. The percentage of patients who showed PR/SD was higher in the older group than in the younger one (5.9%/61.2% vs 1.2%/46.5%, respectively). Median survival of older patients was also significantly longer (3.5 +/- 0.31 vs 3.1 +/- 0.34, hazard ratio=0.45, CI; 0.255-0.802). Analysis using Cox regression model adjusted for gender, PS, number of metastases, site of metastases, histology, smoking history and age detected an association between age and PFS (p=0.011). The frequency of adverse events in elderly patients treated with EVE was no greater than that in younger patients, although such toxicity may have had a greater impact on their quality of life. Conclusions: Older patients should not generally be excluded from accepted therapies (mTOR inhibitors after failure of VEGFr-TKI therapy) for mRCC.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1981

Recent trends in design standards development in some European countries and U.S.A. have encouraged the use of probabilistic limit sate design concepts. Reliability based design criteria such as LSD, LRFD, PBLSD, adopted in those advanced countries have the potentials that they afford for symplifying the design process and placing it on a consistent reliability bases for various construction materials. A reliability based design criteria for RC flexural members are proposed in this study. Lind-Hasofer's invariant second-moment reliability theory is used in the derivation of an algorithmic reliability analysis method as well as an iterative determination of load and resistance factors. In addition, Cornell's Mean First-Order Second Moment Method is employed as a practical tool for the approximate reliability analysis and the derivation of design criteria. Uncertainty measures for flexural resistance and load effects are based on the Ellingwood's approach for the evaluation of uncertainties of loads and resistances. The implied relative safety levels of RC flexural members designed by the strength design provisions of the current standard code were evaluated using the second moment reliability analysis method proposed in this study. And then, resistance and load factors corresponding to the target reliability index(${\beta}=4$) which is considered to be appropriate level of reliability considering our practices are calculated by using the proposed methods. These reliability based factors were compared to those specified by our current ultimate strength design provisions. It was found that the reliability levels of flexural members designed by current code are not appropriate, and the code specified resistance and load factors were considerably different from the reliability based resistance and load factors proposed in this study.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2011

Since a distribution market was opened in 1993 after the conclusion of the Uruguay Round (UR), various new businesses emerged in the Korean retail industry, such as convenience shops, supermarkets, specialty stores, non-store marketing methods, and cyber shopping malls, in addition to traditional markets and department stores. Competition among these retail businesses has intensified. According to the National Statistical Office (NSO), the growth rate of the total retail industry has shown a 32% increase in the past 5 years. While department stores, supermarkets, specialty stores, and other non-store retailing venues have shown signs of stagnation at a growth rate of 20-30%, which is similar to the growth rate of the entire retail industry, convenience shops and non-store marketing have shown 60-70% growth over the same period. By comparison, the growth rate of cyber shopping malls has nearly tripled. When applying development aspects of retail businesses through the competition to the retail life cycle, mom-and-pop stores and traditional markets have already entered the decline phase as specialty stores reach their maturity phase and demonstrate their limit of growth. Department stores are now in the latter part of the growth phase, which is still considered to have some growth potential. Big super markets are still in the early part of their growth stage although they were introduced 20 years ago. Meanwhile, retail businesses such as convenience stores, supermarkets, mail order houses, and warehouse stores are entering the middle growth phase and are expected to continue with their quantitative growth. At a time when most retail businesses in Korea are in a state of development or in the full growth stage, what kind of new innovative retailing will appear and develop? Moreover, what growth engine will drive it? This study analyzes the appearance of innovative retailing and its development process by establishing a discussable consumer's choice model through the interlocking mutual behavior of differentiated competitiveness and consumers' choice based on an awareness of this issue. The analysis of the results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, if a new vacuum zone emerges at the retail market level, innovative retailing such as low price/low service or high price/high service will emerge simultaneously. Second, if the number of new businesses in the vacuum zone increases, this will create competitiveness among the businesses, and each retailer will develop raising of level. Third, if a new business that raises the level develops, competition between the new and the existing retailer will occur, and an assimilation process between the existing retailing and the new retailing will be unfolded. Fourth, each retailing will promote distribution innovations in order to break the frontier of the existing distribution technology, and other retailing will follow the innovator. On the basis of an analysis of the abovementioned results, this study presents the following three suggestions. First, responding to the consumer's decision-making process on the attributes of retail shops that promote differentiation in strategies, this study established a consumer's choice model that can be discussed in relation to changes in market share. Second, this study provided an analysis of the emerging and developmental processes of innovative retail businesses using a more precise logical structure on the basis of the consumer's choice model described in this study. Third, the development process of retail businesses discussed in this study presented retailing solutions regarding management aspects on how to compose a strong retail mix that can help retail businesses gain competitive advantages in the market.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.422-428
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• 2000

Optimum analytical conditions of the aluminium ion were established by flow injection analysis. Eriochrome Cyanine R(ECR) dye reacts with the aluminium ion at pH 6.0 to form a complex that exhibits maximum absorption at 535 nm. Reaction conditions including the mixing and the reaction coil length, the concentration and the pH of the buffer solutio, temperature, and injection loop volume were optimized to intro-duce this reaction into flow injection analysis. The results were as follows. A mixing coil length of 0.5 m and a reaction coil length of 4.0 m, the pH 6.0 and 1M of acetate buffer solution, the ECR concentration of 0.56 mM, the reaction temperature of 40$^{\circ}C$, the injection loop volume of 300${\mu}L$ were chosen as optimum conditions. Under these conditions the detection limit of the aluminiumion was less than 0.05 mg/L and the repeatability was better than 1%. A sampling frequency of 24 times for an hour was achieved. Interfering ions such as $F^-$, HP$O_4^{2-}$, $Fe^{2+}$, $Fe^{3+}$, $Mn^{2+}$, and other anions were tested, interference did not occur up to 1,000mg/L of ion concentration and up to 2,CO0mg/L of sulfate ion con-centration. This method was applied for the determination of aluminium ion in tap water and ground water of Jeonju and the Gochang area. The results showed that the aluminium residual in tap water of the Jeonju area was at a mean of 0.478mg/L and that in tap water of the Gochang area was at a mean of 0.278mg/L. Aluminium ion residual of the tap waters in the Jeonju area was higher level than that in the Gochang area. Aluminium residual in the ground water of the Jeonju area was 0.386 mg/L and was lower compared to 0.564 mg/L for the Gochang area.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1169-1181
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the regular Upright Body Type Excercise on posture, muscle strength of leg, lung capacity and depression of people with mental illness. The subjects of this study were recruited from B mental health center (5 years and more mental illness patients, n=19) located in P city. For the exercise group, They were carried out the Upright Body Type Excercise Program during 8 weeks (60 min/time, 3 times/week). They were randomly divided into two groups. Exercise group (n=10) and Control group (n=9). And also, they were agreed with consent forms before the experiments. Research results were as follows. Through the upper body type exercise, there was significantly difference in PEF and FEV1/FVC in the trained group. And also, there was much improved in depression level in the trained group. The change of melancholy feeling before and after the program was not statistically significant. However, because of limitations of sampling size due to the peculiarities of the program participants, in consideration of the limit of statistical validation exists clearly, intended to better understand the subjective experience of attendees, qualitative analyzing(qualitative research) was carried out in parallel. It was conducted a deep interview only person accepted among program participants, thematic analysis, subject analysis tasks to be subdivided by classifying by considering the semantic units of what participants expressed, was thus carried out. It found that the degree of melancholy feeling of mental disorders who participated in the Upright Body Typed Exercise Program was reduced. The course of the experience of change in depression appered the three subjects and six sub-themes such as "the start of the change", "interest of the program", "recognition of the need of the body’s health", "physical health promotion", "recovery of physical function", "negative change of habits (attitude)", "reduction of sense of depression", "confidence that it is possible to", "hope for the future". Therefore, upper body type exercise is much helpful in lung capacity and mental health of people with mental illness. So, this type of exercise mostly needed in the people with mental illness group than the other group for the quality of life.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.74-83
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• 2011

The high-pass transportation information system directly collects section information by using probe cars and therefore can offer more reliable information to drivers. However, because the running condition and features of probe cars and statistical processing methods affect the reliability of the information and particularly because the section travel time is greatly influenced by whether there has been delay by signals on urban roads or not, there can be much deviation among the collected individual probe data. Accordingly, researches in multilateral directions are necessary in order to enhance the credibility of the section information. Yet, the precedent studies related to high-pass information provision have been conducted on the highway sections with the feature of continuous flow, which has a limit to be applied to the urban roads with the transportational feature of an interrupted flow. Therefore, this research aims at analyzing the features of high-pass transportation data on urban roads and finding a proper processing method. When the characteristics of the high-pass data on urban roads collected from RSE were analyzed by using a time-space diagram, the collected data was proved to have a certain pattern according to the arriving cars' waiting for signals with the period of the signaling cycle of the finish node. Moreover, the number of waiting for signals and the time of waiting caused the deviation in the collected data, and it was bigger in traffic jam. The analysis result showed that it was because the increased number of waiting for signals in traffic jam caused the deviation to be offset partially. The analysis result shows that it is appropriate to use the mean of this collected data of high-pass on urban roads as its representative value to reflect the transportational features by waiting for signals, and the standard of judgment of delay and congestion needs to be changed depending on the features of signals and roads. The results of this research are expected to be the foundation stone to improve the reliability of high-pass information on urban roads.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.373-387
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• 2021

In this study, the impact of clustered groundwater usage facilities and the proper amount of groundwater usage in the Daejeong-Hangyeong watershed of Jeju island were evaluated based on the data-driven analysis methods. As the applied data, groundwater level data; the corresponding precipitation data; the groundwater usage amount data (Jeoji, Geumak, Seogwang, and English-education city facilities) were used. The results show that the Geumak usage facility has a large influence centering on the corresponding location; the Seogwang usage facility affects on the downstream area; the English-education usage facility has a great impact around the upstream of the location; the Jeoji usage facility shows an influence around the up- and down-streams of the location. Overall, the influence of operating the clustered groundwater usage facilities in the watershed is prolonged to approximately 5km. Additionally, the appropriate groundwater usage amount to maintain the groundwater base-level was analyzed corresponding to the precipitation. Considering the recent precipitation pattern, there is a need to limit the current amount of groundwater usage to 80%. With increasing the precipitation by 100mm, additional groundwater development of approximately 1,500m³-1,900m³ would be reasonable. All the results of the developed data-driven estimation model can be used as useful information for sustainable groundwater development in the Daejeong-Hangyeong watershed of Jeju island.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2022

Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) is one of gram-positive foodborne pathogens with a very high fatality rate. Unlike most foodborne pathogens, L. monocytogenes is capable of growing at low temperatures, such as in refrigerated foods. Thus, various physical and chemical prevention methods are used in the manufacturing, processing and distribution of food. However, there are limitations to the methods such as possible changes to the food quality and the consumer awareness of synthetic preservatives. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-listeria activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from kimchi and characterize the bacteriocin produced by Lactococcuslactis which is one of isolated strains from kimchi. The analysis on the anti-listeria activity of a total of 36 species (Lactobacillus, Weissella, Lactobacillus, and Lactococcus) isolated from kimchi by the agar overlay method revealed that L. lactis NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 had the highest anti-listeria activity. For quantitatively analysis on the anti-listeria activity, NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 were co-cultured with L. monocytogenes in Brain Heat Infusion (BHI) broth, respectively. As a result, L. monocytogenes was reduced by 3.0 log CFU/mL in 20 h, lowering the number of bacteria to below the detection limit. Both LAB strains showed anti-listeria activity against 24 serotypes of L. monocytogenes, although the sizes of clear zone was slightly different. No clear zone was observed when the supernatants of both LAB cultures were treated with proteinase-K, indicating that their anti-listerial activities might be due to the production of bacteriocins. Heat stability of the partially purified bacteriocins of NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 was relatively stable at 60℃ and 80℃. Yet, their anti-listeria activities were completely lost by 60 min of treatment at 100℃ and 15 min of treatment at 121℃. The analysis on the pH stability showed that their anti-listeria activities were the most stable at pH 4.01, and decreased with the increasing pH value, yet, was not completely lost. Partially purified bacteriocins showed relatively stable anti-listeria activities in acetone, ethanol, and methanol, but their activities were reduced after chloroform treatment, yet was not completely lost. Conclusively, this study revealed that the bacteriocins produced by NJ 1-10 and NJ 1-16 effectively reduced L. monocytogenes, and that they were relatively stable against heat, pH, and organic solvents, therefore implying their potential as a natural antibacterial substance for controlling L. monocytogenes in food.