• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.456-474
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• 2020

This study investigated the initial behavior (flowability and setting properties) and shrinkage characteristics of lime mortar, based on the mixing ratio of hydrated lime (lump, powder) and commercial lime, which is primarily used for repairing and restoring cultural assets. The flowability showed that the optimum mixing water contents of the masonry lime mortar were 8-10% for the lump hydrated lime, 10-18% for the powdered hydrated lime, and 17-40% for the commercial hydrated lime. The results of the setting and shrinkage analysis showed that the average final setting time ratio compared to the standard of cultural asset repair was in the increasing order of commercial hydrated lime(0.4) < powder hydrated lime(5.6) < lump hydrated lime(5.7). Moreover, the average shrinkage ratio was ordered as lump hydrated lime(1.1) < powder hydrated lime(1.2) < commercial hydrated lime(3.0). The analysis of the physical and chemical characteristics of hydrated lime showed that the optimum mixing water content was reduced as the particle size of the lime increased, thus delaying the setting time and decreasing the length change rate (shrinkage). These results are expected to contribute to the prediction of the initial behavior and shrinkage characteristics of mortars using handmade and commercial lime during repair and restoration work on cultural, heritage buildings.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.10c
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• pp.151-156
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• 1998

Concrete structures is appeared the shrinkage after being harden of the hydration effect of cement. To overcome this disadvantage, expansive additives are used. In our country, the most popular expansive additives are hauyne(CSA) or free lime(free-CaO) systems. These expansive additives are used to expansive cement mortar or concrete materials. In this study, we analyzed the expansive property mechanism about the hydration reaction of the free lime systems and in particular we convinced size distributions of the free lime size affect the expansion ratio with expansion ratio with experiments. We carried out the experiment for the expansive properties by using the soundness molds and with various the humidity and dry setting conditions. The hydration reactions of the free lime affect the reaction properties according to the relative humidity by laboratory experiments.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2016

This paper presents the effect of silica fume and nano silica, used individually and in combination with the set accelerator and/or hydrated lime, on the properties of class F high volume ultra fine fly ash (HV-UFFA) cement composites, replacing 80 % of cement (OPC). Compressive strength test along with thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were undertaken to study the effect of various elements on the physico-chemical behaviour of the blended composites. The results show that silica fume when used in combination with the set accelerator and hydrated lime in HV-UFFA cement mortar, improves its 7 and 28 day strength by 273 and 413 %, respectively, compared to the binary blended cement fly ash mortar. On the contrary, when nano silica is used in combination with set accelerator and hydrated lime in HV-UFFA cement mortar, the disjoining pressure in conjunction with the self-desiccation effect induces high early age micro cracking, resulting in hindering the development of compressive strength. However, when nano silica is used without the additives, it improves the 7 and 28 day strengths of HV-UFFA cement mortar by 918 and 567 %, respectively and the compressive strengths are comparable to that of OPC.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-55
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• 1979

This study made to find the variation of strengths of briquette ash which were hardened into cement. The briquette ash were mixed with the cement, ((cement (90%)+slaked lime (10%)) and ((cement (80%)+fly ash (20%)) in the ratio of 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:7 and 1:9, respectively, and these were compared with the one made of cement plus standard sand in the strengths of compression, tension and bending at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The results from the study conducted preliminary without studying the economical aspects or duration of the products are summarized as follows: 1. The compressive strengths of mortar made of 1 to 2 ratios of cement to briquette ash, (cement+slaked lime) to briquette ash and (cement+fly ash) to briquette ash were 84%, 90% and 75% at the age of 7 days and 84.9%, 73.5% and 69.8%, respectively of those of Korean Standard values. 2. The compressive strength s of mortar made of 1 to 2 ratios of cement to briquette ash, (cement+slaked lime) to briquette ash and (cement+fly ash) to briquette ash were 69.3%, 75.1% and 41.3% at the age of 7 days and 56.4%, 49%, and 46.5% at the age of 28 days, respectively of the mortar made of standard sand. 3. The tension strengths of mortar made of 1 to 2 ratios of cement to briquette ash, (cement+slaked lime) to briquette ash, and (cement+fly ash) to briquette ash were 64.4%, 47.1% and 35.4% at the age of 7days and 69.6%, 64.8%, and 57.3%, respectively of that of the mort ar produced with standard sand. 4. The bending strengths of mortar made of 1 to 2 ratios of cement to briquette ash, (cement+slaked lime) to briquette ash, and (cement+fly ash) to briquette ash were 46.3%, 65.9% and 39.1% at the age of 7 days and 89.9%, 96.7%, and 85.1%, respectively of that of mortar produced with standard sand. 5. The bending strength of the mortar was lower than that of cement mortar, when the briquette ash were harqened into cement. However, the mortar produced by such method seemed to be used as the secondary products of cement or concrete. The additional usefullness of the hardened biquette ash can be found in contributing toward the solving the various pollution problems, the saving the labor costs needed to clean-up waste materials, and the saving the construction materials.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.3-8
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• 2010

Many countermeasures are presented to make excessive earth circumstance pollution better in the earth. A lot of researches are in progress to lessen $CO_2$ among the industries exhausting it. The industries manufacturing cement are making many countermeasures. Many concernments on ECO-friendly materials, rather than cement, are increased, and researches are in progress to develop them. Lime, material mostly used before Portland cement appeared, attracts the Occident as well as the Orient. In the Occident, lime mortar was used in common, for maintaining and repairing cultural properties, too. This study is aimed at offering basic materials for the modern use of lime, ECO-friendly material. This study measured the change of intensity and weight with lime, sand, and earth, basic materials of Samhoimool. As a result, at the beginning, hydrated lime displayed its density late, but as time was gone, density was promoted continuously. In addition, density was promoted, when it was given heat at the beginning. If heat-generation reaction of quicklime and water was used, density was promoted at the beginning, but liquidity showed a drop.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.322-325
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• 2003

Recently, as quality river aggregates like sands and gravels become scarce, use of crushed stones and sands, seashore sands, and seashore gravels is increasing abruptly. And, aggregates recycled from slags and waste concretes are used. However, since the converter slag easily expands and breaks due to free lime, differently from the blast-furnace slag, it is not suitable for use as concrete aggregates. Since the atomized steel slag aggregate has slippery surface and spherical shape, the mortar flowing characteristics improved as the atomized steel slag content increases, without regard to the aggregates coarseness and water/cement ratio. The flow characteristics loss rate of the mortar manufactured from steel slag aggregates was similar to that of the mortar manufactured from washed sand only. The compact strength of the mortar manufactured from coarse PS Ball were larger than that manufactured from washing sand only.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-148
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• 2014

An experimental study is carried out to evaluate the performance of Lime mortar-Well graded Soil (Lime-WS) columns for the improvement of soft soils. Tests are conducted on a column of 100 mm diameter and 600 mm length surrounded by soft soil in different area ratios. Experiments are performed either with the entire area loading to evaluate the load - settlement behavior of treated grounds and only a column area loading to find the limiting axial stress of the column. A series of tests are carried out in soaking condition to investigate the influence of moisture content on the load - settlement behavior of specimens. In order to compare the behavior of Lime-WS columns with Conventional Stone (CS) columns as well as Geogrid Encased Stone (GES) columns, the behavior of these columns have been also considered in the present study. Remarkable improvement in the behavior of soft soil is observed due to the installation of Lime-WS columns and the performance of these columns is significantly enhanced by increasing the area ratio. The results show that CS columns are not suitable as a soil improvement technique for extremely soft soils and should be enhanced by encasing the column or replaced by rigid stone columns.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2020

Lots of soil-pavement concrete placed showed a number of problems such as decreasing strength, and durability. In this research, to provide a solution of the problem reported the wasting materials of natural organic lime and magnesia lime were used as a hardener to achieve sufficient performance of soil-pavement concrete. Namely, as a stimulus of blast furnace slag, the natural organic lime and magnesia lime were tested within the mix proportion of 0 to 10 % for each lime to make a new hardener. As a result, in the case of mortar with 1 to 3 % of cement to fine aggregate, 30 % replaced blast furnace slag showed the more favorable results with 5 to 5 % of mix proportion for natural organic lime and magnesia lime.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.138-143
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• 1993

The objective of this report is to investigate the effect of factors like the fineness modulus of sand , content of fly ash and slaked lime, binder/sand ratio, admixture dosage on the physical properties of mortar for finishing. The analysis was performed with design of experiment and air content, water retention and compressive strength were measured.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.457-466
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• 2014

Rigorous analysis was performed to identify the structure and materials of the murals to study techniques used on mural tombs of ancient Daegaya era(6th century). The murals were painted by applying mortar on the walls and the ceiling after building a stone chamber and creating ground layers on mortar layers. Mud was applied on most of the mortar layers on four sides of the walls except the ceiling. Sand was not used in mortar but was made of materials with pure calcium substances. In addition, shells in irregular sizes with incomplete calcination were mixed; and the mortar's white powder was inferred as lime obtained by calcination of oyster shells. Kaolinite($Al_2Si_2O_5(OH)_4$) was used in the ground layer, Cinnabar(HgS) was used for red pigment, Malachite($Cu_2CO_3(OH)_2$) for green and Lead white($PbCO_3{\cdot}Pb(OH)_2$) for white. Mud plaster was applied on the mortar and was composed thinly and densely using clayey of particle size smaller than that of medium sand. It was assumed that the finishing was for repair after long time had passed since the mortar layer came off. Using lime made with oyster shells as mortar is unprecedented in ancient Korean mural tombs and its durability was very poor, suggesting that Gaya's mortar production technique was relatively behind compared to that of Koguryo's in the same era.