• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.100-108
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• 1988

This research was performed to estimate the influence of relative light intensity, planting density, growth period on the growth of fresh and dry weight of the stem and branches, and root in the pretreatment transplanting bed. 1. The growth of fresh and dry weight of the stem and branches per seedling varied in the order of 63%>100%>37%>19% in relative light intensity, and increased with decrease of planting density, and grew highly during the period from May to June. The contribution rates to the growth of fresh and dry weight of the stem and branches were 49.4% and 39.6% in shading treatment, and 4.3% and 6.4% in planting density, and 34.2% in growth period respectively. Of the three factors, that is, shading, density and period, all of the interactions between two factors, and among the three factors in the growth of fresh and dry weight of stem and branches were significant. The growth of fresh and dry weight of root per seedling increased with light intensity and decreased with increase of density. The best growth of root, showed during the period from May to June in fresh weight, but during the period from July and August in dry weight of root. For the three factors, that is, shading, density and growth period, all the interactions between any two factors, and among the three factors in the growth of fresh and dry weight of root were significant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 1989

This research was performed to estimate the influence of relative light intensity and planting density on the growth of dry weight of needles and other organs growth in Korean white pine seedlings raised in the transplanting bed. 1. As treated with various light intensities, relationships between needle dry weight and growth of other organs(dry weight of shoot, root and diameter of seedlings) had significantly positive correlations and linear regressions, but regression between needle dry weight and seedling elongation was a second degree polynomial. As treated with various planting densities, the second degree regression curve was found between needle dry weight and shoot dry weight, and seedling elongation, And linear regression between needle dry weight and root dry weight, and seedling dry weight could be estimated, while any regression between needle dry weight and diameter was not recognized. 2. As treated with various light intensities, linear regression between leaf area and shoot dry weight, and seedling dry weight, exponential regression between leaf area and seedling elongation were significantly recognized, while a tendency of logarithmic regression between leaf area and diameter appeared. According to the different density treatment, logarithmic regression between leaf area and shoot dry weight, linear regression between leaf area and root dry weight, and seedling dry weight, but quadric regression between leaf area and seedling elongation and diameter were significantly found.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.107-119
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• 1996

To understand vegetation changes along environmental gradients in the natural forests in the east side of the Cascade Range in Washington state, USA, line transects were used to sample six different forest environments in the Wenatchee National Forest in the north-facing and south-facing sites at 975, 1280 and 1700m elevation. Data were analyzed using ordination by detranded correspondence analysis. Pseudotsuga menziesii was found as one of the dominant species on all the six sites regardless of elevation or aspect, while Pinus ponderosa was dominant on south slopes only. Abies grandis and A. lasiocarpa were dominant species on north slopes at elevations of 1280 and 1700m, respectively. Moisture, as it related to aspect, was identified as one of the most important environmental gradients for explaining the variation of vegetation types. On north-facing slopes, compared to south-facing slopes, where moisture was not as limiting and canopies could grow denser, probably, elevation or competitive interaction was more important. Species diversity tended to decrease with increasing environmental severity, with south slopes having less diversity than north slopes due to extended water stress and harsher temperature extremes on south slopes. The age structure on north-facing and south-facing slopes was different. Light intensity, moisture and climate were different between these two slopes. Large scale disturbances(e.g., big fire or insects) were major causes in changing age structure. Younger trees showed a closer relationship between size and age than adult trees. DBH values of shade intolerant species in south-facing slope were bigger than those of north-facing slope, which suggested that aspect of stands be the most important factor for age and size.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 1976

In order to investigate the effects of seed weight, size (length and thickness), and maturation period (early maturing seed or late maturing seed) on growth of first-year seedlings in Pinus koraiensis, pot cultivation experiment with seeds collected from Gangweon University Forest was carried out under relatively controlled environment condition. At the end of one growing season, not only fresh weight, length, diameter (at underside of cotyledon) and root length of seedlings, but also number and length of cotyledon were measured. Results are as follows; 1. Germination percentage is independent of weight and size of seeds, but it was influenced by maturation period, that is, late maturing seeds surpass early maturing one in germination percentage. 2. Germination percentage is affected by maturation period of seeds in 18.3% of contribution rate. 3. Each growth of first-year seedlings is influenced considerably by the differences of weight, length and thickness of seeds, that is, heavy and large seeds produce larger seedlings than do light and small seeds. Particularly, fresh weight, diameter, length of cotyledon are significantly affected by differences of seed weight and size (length and thickness) in 50-90% of contribution rate. 4. Differences of seed weight and thickness have a tendency to affect more on growth of first-year seedlings than do differences of seed length. 5. Seedlings from late maturing seeds are superior than those from early maturing one in fresh weight, diameter of seedlings and length of cotyledon, but it's influence is a little.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.291-300
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of occurrence and distribution of Eupatorium rugosum by forest types and soil characteristics in Mt. Namsan in Seoul, Korea. E. rugosum is designated as a harmful non-indigenous plant in ecosystem by the Natural Environment Conservation Act in Korea. E. rugosum grew along roadside and in valleys with some favorable light conditions. E. rugosum occurred in aggregations under Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia communities. And it was sparse in forests of Quercus mongolica and P. koraiensis. The representative herb layer species were Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Parthenocissus tricuspidata in the E. rugosum communities. There was a significantly negative correlation between the coverage of E. rugosum and the coverage of tree layer. However, the result of ANOVA of E. rugosum coverage by dominant species of tree layers did not show a significant difference (p>0.05). The level of soil moisture content, organic content, and pH, was slightly higher in communities with E. rugosum than without, but it was statistically non-significant difference. However, it was found that the coverage of E. rugosum was very significantly negative correlated with the depth of top soil profile (litter and fermentation layer, p<0.05).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.241-253
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• 2000

The degree to which microenvironmental factors are linked to spatial patterns of vegetational factors within ecosystems has important consequences for our understanding of how ecosytems are structured and for conservation of rare species in ecosystems. We studied this relationships between the spatial patterns of microenvironmental factors and vegetational factors in temperate hardwood forest in Mt. Jumbong Biological Reserve Area, Korea. To do this, environmental and vegetational factors from 196 micropoints in a 0.49 ha plot were investigated. Most of all environmental factors and vegetational factors showed the variations among micropoints. Microtopographic factors, litter depth, soil moisture content and relative light intensity at this site were spatially dependent at a scale of 14∼62 m. Coverage of tree and shrub layer and species diversity of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of < 15 m. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and species richness of herb layer in autumn were spatially dependent at a scale of 28∼48 m. Multiple regression analysis showed that spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer in spring and autumn were affected by litter depth, slope, subtree layer, shrub, Sasa borealis etc. The best predictor for the spatial patterns of species richness and species diversity of herb layer at this site was the spatial pattern of litter depth. Species richness and species diversity of herb layer showed strongly negative correlation with litter depth. We estimate that the spatial pattern of litter depth at this site were affected by direction of wind, microtopography and spatial pattern of shrub layer.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.105-116
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• 1990

Seungbong Island is situated about 100km away Inchon Port in the western sea of the Korean Peninsula. Field investigations were conducted for two days each from June 30 through July 1, 1981 and from August 20 through 21, 1981. The results obtained are summarized as follows: Plants growing in this island consist of a total of 193 species (70 families, 151 genera, 170 species, 22 varieties and 1 forma). Pinus thunbergii was confirmed to be the dominant species. The natural degree observed in this island was high, as a whole. The coefficient of ferny plants (Pte-Q) is 0.95, lower than grass. Atractylodes japonica Koidz., Miscanthus sinensis Anders. var. purpurascense Rendle, and Rhododendron mucronulatum Turz. are distributed mainly on the forest bed of Pinus thunbergii. The poor distribution of Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., Amaranthus mangostanus Linne is considered attributable to the phenomenon of allellopathy caused by a chemical substance secreted from the leaves of Pinus thunbergii. The component ratio of species in this island is lower than that of other islands due probably to the small area of arable land and grassland. The poor growth of plants in the forest of Pinus thunbergii, the dominant species in this island, seems to be attributed to the low relative light intensity of the forest. Seaside plants consisting of a total of 7 species were distributed mainly in the vicinity of sandy beaches. Naturalized plants comprising a total of 11 species were relatively diversified in the number of species.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 1976

The capacity of wood to shrinkage is very important as the basis data for wood industry but there is no such data available as yet in Korea. So this article, as a study on forest biological, were made to determine the shrinkage properties of commercial hardwoods in Korea. The results of this study were as follows; 1) There are much difference of hardwoods shrinkage, generally values of heavy wood's shrinkage were larger than that of light wood's shrinkage. 2) The arithmetic; mean values of hardwoods shrinkage were respectively 9.03% on tangential, 4.09% on radial and 0.37% on longitudinal direction and its ratio of at : ar : al was appeared to be 10 : 5.5 : 0.4 3) Average shrinkage per 1% of moisture content was different due to the direction and species. 4) According to the increase of specific gravity the values of shrinkage increased. 5) It was recognized that the shrinkage of hardwoods had a tendency to decrease as increase of annual ring width of wood. 6) The shrinkage of tangential direction was in propertion to the shrinkage of radial direction.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.151-157
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• 2003

This research was conducted to investigate about structural characteristics of vegetation by change of the environmental factors for prolific open-pollinated progeny forest in Pinus koraiensis stands. Stand slope of Kapyung area was slower than Youngdong area. On the other hand, contents rate of the soil chemical properties in Kapyung was lower than Youngdong area. And relative intensity of light was higher Youngdong than Kapyung area. On the whole, growth of the Pinus koraiensis was more dominant Kapyung area than Youngdong. Analysis result of the relative density, - frequency, - coverage and importance value to shrub layer in each local stands, Quercus mongolica and Quercus acutissima were dominant species in Kapyung area. Dominant species In Youngdong area was Quercus acutissima. In Kapyung area, appearance species of the vegetation layer was consisted that live in moist soil and shaded lot. Youngdong area showed fewer species than Kpyung area. Species diversity of shrub and vegetation layer in Kapyung and Youngdong area was higher than Youngdong. This result was judged by slope difference between each areas. Kapyung area need enforce thinning and Youngdong area conduct tending management on shrub layer.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.783-792
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the vegetation structure and the location environment of Albizzia kalkora (AK) growing in Mt. Yudal located in Mokpo city and in the nearby islands. The AK community in Mt. Yudal in Mokpo city (Community I) is located in a region which is relatively high above the sea level. The average age of the major kinds of trees found in the region is about 30 years. The vegetation structure in the community shows an early stage of vegetation development due to continued disturbance. In Community IV, on the sandy soil in the flatland near the seashores, the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 9 years. In this community, a pure forest is presumed to have been formed in a poor environment which is artificially disturbed in relatively recent times even as AK with its strong adoptability was introduced into the region. In other communities (II, III), the vegetation state shows a competition between AK and deciduous oak trees, and the average age of the major kinds of trees is about 13 to 30 years. AK communities with a better developed vegetation structure are located on the higher steep slopes near the seashore. In the early stage of vegetation development, the forest floor received more effective light for photosynthesis, and thus more seedlings of AK emerged and grew. The probability of AK appearing in the damaged or sterile soil near the seashore was high because of its strong adaptability. However, as the vegetation structure developed further and the soil fertility increased, the domination of AK in the vegetation structure decreased as deciduous oak trees won the competition with AK.