• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2010

By understanding physiological characters of plants and the environment, plant design should decide the relationship with other plants from the designer's curiosity of the plant's color, texture, form and other aspects. There are a traditional tendency that many designers put the plant's color ahead of other aspects. This study explores 4 gardens of Gertrude Jekyll's Munstead Wood, Vita Sackvill-West's Sissinghurst, Christopher Lloyd's Grest Dixter and Lawrence Johnston's Hidcote Manner. The flower border of Munstead is started with light grey and blue at the edge and it gets stronger colors like red and orange as the line comes to the middle. It is noticeable that white an blue colors were used unlike before. Sissinghurst made use of purple color which was very seldom used before and Dixter added orange to magenta color that was already there, giving a strong visual effect and through juxtaposition it could realize the wanted effect. A strong red border line was created in Hidcote Manner. Above mentioned designers arranged various colors so that visitors can experience different spacial senses according to observer's direction. In the cognitive space the main color and the secondary color arranged leading to the fact that the observer recognizes it as a whole. In plant design time means seasonal performance which influences the main color arrangement like gradation or contrast. Moreover, space determines the color's zone when it comes to plant design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.227-239
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• 2008

Processing LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data obtained from ALS (Airborne Laser Scanning) systems mainly involves organization and segmentation of the data for 3D object modeling and mapping purposes. The ALS systems are viable and becoming more mature technology in various applications. ALS technology requires complex integration of optics, opto-mechanics and electronics in the multi-sensor components, Le. data captured from GPS, INS and laser scanner. In this study, digital image processing techniques mainly were implemented to gray level coded image of the LiDAR data for building extraction and superstructures segmentation. One of the advantages to use gray level image is easy to apply various existing digital image processing algorithms. Gridding and quantization of the raw LiDAR data into limited gray level might introduce smoothing effect and loss of the detail information. However, smoothed surface data that are more suitable for surface patch segmentation and modeling could be obtained by the quantization of the height values. The building boundaries were precisely extracted by the robust edge detection operator and regularized with shape constraints. As for segmentation of the roof structures, basically region growing based and gap filling segmentation methods were implemented. The results present that various image processing methods are applicable to extract buildings and to segment surface patches of the superstructures on the roofs. Finally, conceptual methodology for extracting characteristic information to reconstruct roof shapes was proposed. Statistical and geometric properties were utilized to segment and model superstructures. The simulation results show that segmentation of the roof surface patches and modeling were possible with the proposed method.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.439-444
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• 2012

To compare the photocatalytic performances of titania for purification of waste water according to applied voltages and doping, $TiO_2$ films were prepared in a 1.0 M $H_2SO_4$ solution containing $NH_4F$ at different anodic voltages. Chemical bonding states of F-N-codoped $TiO_2$ were analyzed using surface X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The photocatalytic activity of the co-doped $TiO_2$ films was analyzed by the degradation of aniline blue solution. Nanotubes were formed with thicknesses of 200-300 nm for the films anodized at 30 V, but porous morphology was generated with pores of 1-2 ${\mu}m$ for the $TiO_2$ anodized at 180 V. The phenomenon of spark discharge was initiated at about 98 V due to the breakdown of the oxide films in both solutions. XPS analysis revealed the spectra of F1s at 684.3 eV and N1s at 399.8 eV for the $TiO_2$ anodized in the $H_2SO_4-NH_4F$ solution at 180 V, suggesting the incorporation of F and N species during anodization. Dye removal rates for the pure $TiO_2$ anodized at 30 V and 180 V were found to be 14.0% and 38.9%, respectively, in the photocatalytic degradation test of the aniline blue solution for 200 min irradiation; the rates for the F-N-codoped $TiO_2$ anodized at 30 V and 180 V were found to be 21.2% and 65.6%, respectively. From the results of diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy (DRS), it was found that the absorption edge of the F-N-codoped $TiO_2$ films shifted toward the visible light region up to 412 nm, indicating that the photocatalytic activity of $TiO_2$ is improved by appropriate doping of F and N by the addition of $NH_4F$.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.29-46
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• 2014

Nowadays the trade volume between Korea and China is rapidly increasing. With the current trend in mind, this study aims to seek strategic plans for increasing cooperation between Korean and Chinese logistics industries. The plans are especially centered around port regions, since ports are responsible for most of the trade volume between the two nations. As for the method, a case study was carried out in capital area ports in Korea and Shandong Province port regions of Bohai Economic Rim in China to address the problems and propose strategic plans to promote cooperation between the two nation's logistics industries, specifically with port regions as the center. The results showed that in increasing cooperation between Korean and Chinese logistics industries, the most important factor is for the two governments to put effort in solving the problems arising in port areas. Moreover, Korean government should strengthen its support to Korean companies in Chinese port areas as well as exert effort in multilateral ways such as system improvement and facility investment for capital area ports so as to gain competitive edge against China. This study contributes to the existing literature in that it applies suggested cooperative strategies for Korea-China logistics industry from previous studies to port regions as the focus, and it also sheds new light on institutions located in port areas through in-depth interview.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.168-173
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• 2005

Ag-doped $TiO_2$ thin films were prepared by RF magnetron co-sputtering method, and their physical and chemical properties were examined as a function of calcination temperature. XRD results showed that the crystallite size of Ag-doped films was smaller than that of the $TiO_2$ thin films. SEM results showed that the particle size of $Ag/TiO_2$ film was smaller and more uniform than pure $TiO_2$ film. The films had high transparency in the visible range. The films calcined at $600^{\circ}C$ were the anatase phase, and the films calcined at $900^{\circ}C$ were a mixture of anatase and rutile phases. The absorption edge of films calcined at $900^{\circ}C$ was red-shifted. This is due to the augmented absorption resulting from the phase transformation from anatase to rutile phase. And the transmittance of films decreased by the light scattering and absorption in the films. Photocatalytic activity of $Ag/TiO_2$ thin films was higher than that of the pure $TiO_2$ thin films.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.665-670
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• 2020

Buffer layer in CIGS thin-film solar cells improves energy conversion efficiency through band alignment between the absorption layer and the window layer. ZnS is a non-toxic II-VI compound semiconductor with direct-transition band gaps and n-conductivity as well as with excellent lattice matching for CIGS absorbent layers. In this study, the structural and optical properties of ZnS thin films, deposited by RF magnetron sputtering method and subsequently performed by the rapid thermal annealing treatment, were investigated for the buffer layer. The zincblende cubic structures along (111), (220), and (311) were shown in all specimens. The rapid thermal annealed specimens at the relatively low temperatures were polycrystalline structure with the wurtzite hexagonal structures along (002). Rapid thermal annealing at high temperatures changed the polycrystalline structure to the single crystal of the zincblende cubic structures. Through the chemical analysis, the zincblende cubic structure was obtained in the specimen with the ratio of Zn/S near stoichiometry. ZnS thin film showed the shifted absorption edge towards the lower wavelength as annealing temperature increased, and the mean optical transmittance in the visible light range increased to 80.40% under 500℃ conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.32 no.4_1
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• pp.319-326
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• 2014

The accurate geo-referencing processes that apply ground control points is prerequisite for effective end use of HRSI (High-resolution satellite imagery). Since the conventional control point acquisition by human operator takes long time, demands for the automated matching to existing reference data has been increasing its popularity. Among many options of reference data, the airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data shows high potential due to its high spatial resolution and vertical accuracy. Additionally, it is in the form of 3-dimensional point cloud free from the relief displacement. Recently, a new matching method between LiDAR data and HRSI was proposed that is based on the image projection of whole LiDAR data into HRSI domain, however, importing and processing the large amount of LiDAR data considered as time-consuming. Therefore, we wmotivated to ere propose a local LiDAR chip generation for the HRSI geo-referencing. In the procedure, a LiDAR point cloud was rasterized into an ortho image with the digital elevation model. After then, we selected local areas, which of containing meaningful amount of edge information to create LiDAR chips of small data size. We tested the LiDAR chips for fully-automated geo-referencing with Kompsat-2 and Kompsat-3 data. Finally, the experimental results showed one-pixel level of mean accuracy.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.67-76
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• 2010

This paper proposes a image-based water level measurement method, which adapt to the ruler's surface condition. When the surface of a ruler is deteriorated by mud, drifts, or strong light reflection, the proposed method judges the pollution of ruler by comparing distance between two levels: the first one is the end position of horizontal edge region which keeps the pattern of ruler's marking, and the second one is the position where the sharpest drop occurs in the histogram which is construct using image density based on the axis of image height. If the ruler is polluted, the water level is a position of local valley of the section having a maximum difference between the local peak and valley around the second level. If the ruler is not polluted, the water level is detected as the position having horizontal edges more than 30% of histogram's maximum value around the first level. The detected water level is converted to the actual water level by using the mapping table which is construct based on the making of ruler in the image. The proposed method is compared to the ultrasonic based method to evaluate its accuracy and efficiency on the real situation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.426-431
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• 2019

In this study, we report the effect of pre-treatment of alpha-$Ga_2O_3$ grown on a sapphire substrate by halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). During the pre-treatment process, 10 sccm of GaCl gas was injected to the sapphire substrate at $470^{\circ}C$. The surface morphologies of the alpha-$Ga_2O_3$ layers grown with various pre-treatment time (3, 5, and 10 min) were flat and crack-free. The transmittance of the alpha-$Ga_2O_3$ epi-layers was measured to analyze their optical properties. The transmittance was over 80% within the range of visible light. The strain in the alpha-$Ga_2O_3$ grown with a pre-treat 5 min was measured, and was found to be close to the theoretical XRD peak position. This can be explained by the reduction of strain having caused a lattice mismatch between the alpha-$Ga_2O_3$ layer and sapphire substrate. The calculated dislocation density of the screw and edge were $2.5{\times}10^5cm^{-2}$ and $8.8{\times}10^9cm^{-2}$, respectively.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2022

We injected infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) to pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and observed closely with using light microscope and transmission electron microscope (TEM) for 4-8 days post infection (dpi). As clinical signs, abdominal bodies had mild opaque muscles at 5 dpi. And the mortality was shown at 6 dpi. At 8 dpi, most injected shrimps had severe opaque muscles and humped back that cause of movement disorder. As results of histopathological examinations, local parts of abdominal body muscle had muscle fiber hyalinization, muscle fiber atrophy, rounded muscle fibers, myofibrillar hypertrophy in size, a decrease in number of myofibrils and phagocytosis from the sarcolemmas by multiple hemocytes at 4 dpi. Especially, myofibrillar hypertrophy appeared at the whole or random part of single muscle fiber not in specific locations like the center or edge of muscle fiber. At 6-7 dpi, multiple muscle necrosis, muscle fiber segmentation, myofibril lysis ap- peared and a few hemocytes were infiltrated at lesions. At 8 dpi, extensive muscle necrosis, multiple myofibril lysis and muscle fiber atrophy were shown, and very few hemocytes were infiltrated. In early stage of infection, local viral myositis with zenker's degeneration were shown. These lesions appeared multiply after the early stage. In late stage of infection, extensive coagulative muscle necrosis appeared with few of inflammatory response such as hemocytes infiltration. The lack of hemocytes infiltration response at the late stage might be disadvantage for Litopenaeus vannamei to defense against IMNV and to recover, because hematocytes (granulocyte, semi-granulocyte) eliminate pathogen and damaged tissues from infection sites and help recover. As results of the TEM observation, IMNVs that had nonenveloped icosahedral capsid which was 30-40 nm diameter were in myofibril and beside tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum and moved to the certain direction. The micro-tears and micro-trau- mas in myofibrils caused muscle fiber necrosis. And semi-granulocytes engulfed IMNVs to eliminate virus.