• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2009

Ultrasonographic examination was performed to observe the ultrasonographic image of Korean native cows' normal uterus in condition of in vitro and in vivo. The experiment was done 28 slaughtered cows' uterus using immersed in water in vitro, and 41 healthy breeding cows taken rectal ultrasonography in vivo. Ultrasonographic examination of uterine was taken on the reference of cross section of intercornual ligaments' cranial. Each uterus on the experiments was compared by estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. The uterine structure using ultrasonography was 5 layers of uterine horn in vivo as well as in vitro. Uterine horn was observed to be distinguished from inside to outside as endometrium to inner echogenic layer, circular muscle layer to slightly echogenic elliptical layer, stratum vasculare to central echogenic layer, longitudinal muscle layer to slightly echogenic arched layer, and perimetrium to outer echogenic layer, respectively. According to the observation of uterus related to estrous cycle and ultrasonographic examination, uterine endometrium in vitro was constantly founded irrespective of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer in estrus were prone to distinguished than in diestrus. On the high frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer were always distinguished regardless of estrous cycle. In vivo, uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer were observed regardless of estrus and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were not likely to be distinguished in diestrus, but estrus. On the high frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were observed regardless of estrous cycle. Also, every uterine structure was easily distinguished on high frequency than low frequency owing to precision of distinction in layers. The difference of results followed by the experiments conditions between in vitro and in vivo was that uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer in diestrus in vitro were difficult to be distinguished and uterine lumen was observed during whole estrous cycle. In vivo, It was founded that the distinction of stratum vasculare and logitudinal muscle layer in diestrus was complicated and uterine lumen was observed during only estrus. In view of the result so far achieved, normal uterine structure divided in 5 layers on ultrasonography was accorded with microscopic organization, uterine structure was likely to be observed during estrus than diestrus, high frequency checkup than low frequency, and uterine endometrium, circular muscle, stratum vasculare was easily observed regardless of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2015

Objective : The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical analysis of varying backpack loads on the lower limb movements during downhill walking over $-20^{\circ}$ ramp. Method : Thirteen male university students (age: $23.5{\pm}2.1yrs$, height: $175.7{\pm}4.6cm$, weight: $651.9{\pm}55.5N$) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subjects. Each subject walked over $20^{\circ}$ ramp with four different backpack weights (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% of body weight) in random order at a speed of $1.0{\pm}0.1m/s$. Five digital camcorders and two force plates were used to obtain 3-d data and kinetics of the lower extremity. For each trial being analyzed, five critical instants were identified from the video recordings. Ground reaction force, loading rate, decay rate, and resultant joint moment of the ankle and the knee were determined by the inverse dynamics analysis. For each dependent variable, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used to determine whether there were significant differences among four different backpack weight conditions (p<.05). When a significant difference was found, post hoc analyses were performed using the contrast procedure. Results : The results of this study showed that the medio-lateral GRFs at RHC in 20% and 30% body weight were significantly greater than the corresponding value in 0% of body weight. A consistent increase in the vertical GRFs as backpack loads increased was observed. The valgus joint movement of the knee at RTO in 30% body weight was significantly greater than the corresponding values in 0% and 10% body weight. The increased valgus moment of 30% body weight observed in this phase was associated with decelerating and stabilizing effects on the knee joint. The results also showed that the extension and valgus joint moments of the knee were systematically affected by the backpack load during downhill walking. Conclusion : Since downhill walking while carrying heavy external loads in a backpack may lead to excessive knee joint moment, damage can occur to the joint structures such as joint capsule and ligaments. Therefore, excessive repetitions of downhill walking should be avoided if the lower extremity is subjected to abnormally high levels of load over an extended period of time.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.259-272
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• 1991

Orthodontic traction has been suggested as the treatment of choice for intrusive luxation injuries. Prior research has shown orthodontic forces to be ineffective in the presence of ankylosis or in cases with zero mobility following the injury. If orthodontic traction is to be effective, it must be initiated prior to the onset of ankylosis. The purpose of this study was to describe the effects of intrusive luxation at various times following the injury, and to determine the time of the onset of ankylosis, and to examine what effect immediate partial luxation has on the onset of ankylosis. Eight young mongrel dogs were utilized for this study. Intrusive luxation was produced with an axial impact using a gravity hammer and a specially designed holding device on 4 teeth (2 max. and 2 man. first premolars) in each dog. The teeth were intruded approximately 3-4mm in an axial direction. One maxillary and one mandibular premolars were partially luxated with the other two teeth being untouched. Pre and posttrauma tooth position was documented with plaster models and radiographs taken with an individualized X-ray jig. Dogs were sacrificed immediately following the injury and at 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21 days respectively. Tetracycline was administered as a vital bone marker 24 hours before sacrifice. Block sections of the tooth and alveolus were prepared for decalcified and non decalcified histologic sections. The effects of traumatic intrusion were analyzed by means of model casts, radiographs, tetracycline bone marking and histologic preparations. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The animal sacrificed immediately following the injury displayed alveolar fractures, torn periodontal ligaments, and areas of direct tooth-bone contact. 2. The odontoblastic layer of the pulp was disorganized as early as 24 hours after the injury. 3. Bony remodeling was noted at 4 days along with active surface resorption. 4. Ankylosis was first seen 7 days after the injury. 5. Osteogenesis in the dentin (thick tetracycline bands) was observed 7 days after the injury. 6. There was no progressive root resorption and ankylosis where the periodontal ligament has been healed. 7. The Luxated group showed significantly more root resolution and ankylosis than the Nonluxated group with increased observation periods. The results suggest that ankylosis may occur within the first week following the injury, and hence orthodontic traction should be initiated as soon after the injury as possible.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.297-308
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• 1989

저자동은 약 1년전 모 병원에서 하악과 상악에 각기 안모변형과 골팽창을 동반한 병소에 대해 수술을 재발한 치주인대에서 기인한 양성 섬유골성 병소를 치험하였으며 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 본증례 1은 32세 남자의 우측 하악 골체부에서 술후 약 1년만에 재발된 백악질골섬유종이었고 증례 2는 72세 여자의 상악 전치부에서 술후 약 5개월만에 재발소견을 보인 골섬유종이었다. 2. 방사선학적 소견에서 증례 1은 방사선 투과상의 병소내에 방사선불투과상의 석회화 물질이 함유된 혼합기의 상태였고 증례 2는 비교적 불명확한 경계를 가졌으나 방사선 투명대에 의해 치밀한 방사선 불투과상의 병소가 둘러싸여 있는 성숙기의 상태였다. 3. 조직병리학적 소견으로 두 증례 모두 조골세포의 부연이나 규칙적인 골소주 구조 및 기절내 세포성분의 증가를 관찰할 수 있었으나 증례 1에서는 골성분외에 백악질소적과 같은 석회화물질이 관찰되었고 증례 2에서는 층판골만이 관찰되어 증례 1은 백악질골섬유종, 증례 2는 골섬유종의 특징을 지닌 양성 섬유 골성 병소였다. 4. 재발된 병소이므로 증례 1은 하악 우측 제 1소구치부터 우각부까지 하악골 절제술과 장골 및 하치조신경 이식술을, 증례 2는 정상 인접골을 포함한 종물의 적출술을 시행하였다. 5. 술후 1년이 경과한 현재까지 정기적인 임상 및 방사선 검사결과 재발증상 없이 양호한 치유 경과를 보여주고 있다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2010

외상으로 치주 인대의 손상이 심한 치아에서는 치아-치조골 유착이 흔히 나타난다. 성장기 아동에서의 치아 유착의 경우 치조골의 성장 중단을 초래하여 저위 교합이 나타나며 이로 인하여 청소년기에 심미적 불만족이 생길 뿐 아니라 인접치의 경사가 발생한다. 이는 교정 또는 보철 치료를 어렵게 만들 수 있으므로 유착된 치아는 비교적 조기에 치료한다. 하지만 저위 교합된 치아를 발치할 경우 치조제의 상당한 소실을 유발할 수 있으며 특히 상악 전치부의 얇은 순측골의 위축을 가져와 심미적인 보철물을 형성하기가 어려워진다. 이러한 치조골의 소실을 방지하기 위하여 치아의 치관부는 제거하고 유착된 치근은 골에 의해 대체되도록 치조골에 남겨두는 치관절제술을 행하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 생각된다. 본 증례에서는 만 9세와 10세에 상악 전치부 치아의 외상을 받은 후 치근 유착이 발생하여 저위 교합을 보이는 성장기 남아에서 추후 예상되는 보철적, 교정적 합병증의 가능성을 감소시키기 위하여 치관절제술을 시행하였다. 저위교합이 2-3 mm 정도 진행되었을 때 술식을 행하였으며, 환아의 성장을 고려하여 한국인의 최대 성장 완료 시기인 16세 이전에 술식을 행하였다. 계속적인 임상적, 방사선학적 검사 결과 수평적 치조골의 소실이 방지될 뿐 아니라, 치조골의 수직적 증가를 보이며, 남겨진 치근은 서서히 흡수되는 양상을 보였기에 이를 보고하고자 한다.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 1999

목적: 슬관절 반월판 열상의 진단에 있어서 양자밀도강도 고속스핀에코영상을 수술소견과 비교하여 진단의 민감도 및 특이도를 분석하여 고식적스핀에코의 대체 방법으로 사용할 수 있는가 알아보고자 하여다. 대상 및 방법: 임상적으로 슬관절 내장층이 의심되어 슬관절 자기공명영상 검사를 시행하고 2개월 이내에 관절경 또는 관혈적 수술을 시행하여 결과가 확진된 102명을 대상으로 하였다. 모든 환자에서 1.5T 영상장치를 사용하여 시상면 및 관상면 양자밀도강도 고속스핀에코 자기공명영상 검사를 시행하였다. 수술 결과를 모르는 3명의 방사선과 의사가 후향적으로 반월판 파열 유무에 대해 분서하고 내측 및 외측 반월판 열상의 민감도 및 특이도를 구하였다. 결과: 양자밀도강조 고속스핀에코 자기공명영상으로 분석한 슬관절 반월판 열상의 민감도 및 특이도는 내측 반월판의 경우 각각 94%, 93% 였고 외측이 경우는 각각 92%, 88% 였다. 결론: 양자밀도강조 고속 스핀에코영상은 반월판 열상의 진단에서 고식적 스핀에코영상과 유사하게 높은 민감도와 특이도를 보였다. 따라서 반월판 영상을 진단하는데 고식적 스핀에코영상의 대체방법으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.69-82
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• 2004

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to hand yang meridian on the ankle sprain model was examined. Methods & Results : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under halothane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 h. EA applied to SI-6 point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot lasting for at least 2 h. However, neigher LI-4 point nor TE-3 point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, LI-4 or TE-3. The analgesic effect of EA applied to SI-6 was more powerful when EA was applied by low-frequency and high-intensity stimulation. In addition, this effect need to be stimulated more than 15 min. Conclusions : These data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to a Tae-Yang meridian at opposite side from the painful area in a stimulus point-specific way.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2017

Physical breast phantoms would be useful for the development of a dedicated breast computed tomography (BCT) system and its optimization. While the conventional breast phantoms are available in compressed forms, which are appropriate for the mammography and digital tomosynthesis, however, the BCT requires phantoms in uncompressed forms. Although simple cylindrical plastic phantoms can be used for the development of the BCT system, they will not replace the roles of uncompressed phantoms describing breast anatomies for a better study of the BCT. In this study, we have designed a numerical voxel breast phantom accounting for the random nature of breast anatomies and applied it to the 3D printer to fabricate the uncompressed anthropomorphic breast phantom. The numerical voxel phantom mainly consists of the external skin and internal anatomies, including the ductal networks, the glandular tissues, the Cooper's ligaments, and the adipose tissues. The voxel phantom is then converted into a surface data in the STL file format by using the marching cube algorithm. Using the STL file, we obtain the skin and the glandular tissue from the 3D printer, and then assemble them. The uncompressed breast phantom is completed by filling the remaining space with oil, which mimics the adipose tissues. Since the breast phantom developed in this study is completely software-generated, we can create readily anthropomorphic phantoms accounting for diverse human breast anatomies.

• 대한관절경학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2000

목적 : 경골 과부 골절 환자 전례를 대상으로 관절경 검사를 시행함으로써 골절 뿐만 아니라 동반된 연부 조직 병변에 대해 진단과 치료를 시행하여 관절경 검사의 임상적 유용성에 대해 알아 보고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : 1년이상 추시가 가능하였던 경골 과부 골절 환자 31례를 대상으로 하여 전 례에서 관절경을 시행하여 동반된 연부 조직 손상을 확인하였으며 이중 보존적 요법 9례, 수술적 치료는 22례에서 시행 하였다. 저자들은 사고 원인, 분류, 동반된 연부 조직 손상, 치료 및 결과를 분석하였다. 결과 : Schatzker골절 분류상 제 1형이 15례$(18\%)$로 가장 많았으며, 동반된 관절내 병변 및 인대 손상은 총 21례$(67\%)$에서 관찰되었다. 반월상 연골 파열이 16례로 가장 많았고, 파열 형태로는 변연부 박리가 7례$(44\%)$로 가장 많은 것으로 나타났고, Schatzker I, II형에서 가장 많은 연부 조직 손상이 동반 되었으며 특히, 내측 측부 인대 및 반월상 연골 손상의 빈도가 가장 높았다. 결론 : 경골 과부 골절시 관절경 검사는 골절의 치료뿐만 아니라 관절내 병변을 평가하는데 유용한 방법으로 사료된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.746-757
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• 1996

Bony defects may be found as a result of congenital anomalies, traumatic injury, automobile collisions and industrial accidents in the maxillofacial area. Such conditions are often associated with severs functional and esthetic problem. Various surgical procedure has been utilized in attempts to repair and reconstruct bony defects. Bone is a complex, living, constantly changing tissue. The architecture and composition of cancellous and cortical bone allow the skeleton to perform its essential mechanical functions. Periosteum covers the external surface of bone and consists of two layers : an outer fibrous layer and an inner more cellular and vascular layer. The inner osteogenic layer or cambium layer can form new bone while the outer layer firms part of the insertions of tendons, ligaments and muscles. This study was under taken to evaluate bone healing process on partial defect of calvarial bone with or without periosteum in rat. We made calvarial defects of different size(4mm, 6mm, 8mm) with periosteum or without periosteum in rat to study the effect of defect size on healing process. Control and experimental groups sacrified at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 weeks, postoperatively. We examed the specimens by gloss findings, light microscophy, and fluorescent microscophy. The results were as follows. 1. Gloss findings: Control groups are larger bony defects than experimental groups after 2 weeks, and than control groups advanced healing of defected bone but experimental groups are lesser after 4, 6 weeks. After 8 weeks, bone defect has not been identified in control and experimental groups. 2. Light microscope: All defects of control groups are larger bony defects than experimental groups after 2 weeks. And than control groups show smaller defect after 4 weeks. After 8 weeks, the control group reveal pin-point sized, hardly identifiable defect space and the experimental group reveal small, but definite defect space. 3. Fluorescent microscope : Each week, new bone formation of control group is very similar to the experimental group. In this study, Osteogenesis of calvarial bone defects with periosteum or without periosteum was examined for 8 weeks in rats. The replaced periosteum had batter new bone formation than the removed periosteum.