• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2009

In the game of Go, the life-and-death problem is a fundamental problem to be definitely overcome when implementing a computer Go program. To solve local Go problems such as life-and-death problems, an important consideration is how to tackle the game tree's huge branching factor and its depth. The basic idea of the experiment conducted in this article is that we modelled the human behavior to get the recognized first moves to kill the surrounded group. In the game of Go, similar life-and-death problems(patterns) often have similar solutions. To categorize similar patterns, we implemented Kohonen Neural Network(KNN) based clustering and found that the experimental result is promising and thus can compete with a pattern matching method, that uses supervised learning with a neural network, for solving life-and-death problems.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Rural Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.60-68
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• 2021

Purpose: This case report was attempted to present the process of the end of life nursing care provided by the visiting nurse. Methods: The subject was a person who was decided the long-term care Grade 1 and received a visiting nursing service, and the service was terminated on the death, and then was selected as a case with the consent of his family. The data were collected through long-term care benefit provision records and interviews with the visiting nurse. The nursing process was presented by applying the Omaha System. Results: The subject had digestion-hydration problems and respiration problems in the physiological domain, and the problems of role change, caretaking/parenting, spirituality, and grief in the psychosocial domain were identified. Depending on the problem, the end of life nursing care was provided to the subject and family members through activities on physical symptoms/signs, dietary management, end-life care, and coping skills. Conclusion: We expect that if the visiting nurse provides anticipatory guidance on the death process, the subject will be able to prepare for death comfortably with the family at home instead of vague fear of death.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-127
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• 2022

Considering the recent medicalization of death, the importance of preparing both laypersons and medical students to have meaningful end-of-life conversations, which is among the objectives of death education, will grow. The Act of Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life provided a new source of momentum to death education for both laypersons and medical professionals, as the importance of education on death is widely recognized. However, problems remain regarding how to prepare people for productive conversations at the end-of-life and how to secure the continuity of care. Different focuses and deficiencies are observed in death education programs for each category of learner. In education for laypeople, tangible information on how to actualize one's existential and personal understanding of death through real-life options is lacking, except for presenting the "protocol" of the Act. Conversely, basic medical education lacks an understanding of or confrontation with death on the existential and personal levels. Death education should aim to build a shared understanding that can facilitate communication between the two groups. The scant overlap between layperson education and basic medical education even after the Act's enactment is worrisome. Further fundamental changes in death education are required regarding its content. Topics that patients and doctors can share and discuss regarding death and end-of-life care should be discovered and provided as educational content both to laypeople and future medical professionals.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.19
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• pp.213-250
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• 2005

Until 1970's, mankind have not had definite perspectives on what life after the death was like, which is one of the most important problems for them. Their concepts of the 'life and death problem' has been distorted by the dogmas of the established religions such as Buddhism or Christianity on heaven and hell. But the mankind came to have wholly different views on the life after death thanks to the studies by Raymond Moody Jr. or Elizabeth Quebler-Ross in the mid-1970's. This is the studies on the so-called 'near-death experience(NDE)' which made humankind be able to have scientific approach to the life after death for the first time in their history. What attracts our attention at this point is, however, that the arguements of the NDErs on humman destiny accurately coincide with those of the established religions. In the NDE, most of the experiencers have an encounter with the personal being, symbolized by the Light, through whom they learnt that the devotion(or love) to the neighborhood and the gain of the wisdom are the sole meaning of life. With this result, we can recognize why essential virtues maintained by the established religions until now such as ultimate compassion, unconditional love, forgiveness, or insightful learning are so significant, and that our studies of the NDE are very important in this respect.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.27-33
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• 2017

Epicurus and Lucretius expressed that death is neither evil to the living nor the dead. On the contrary, our everyday perception of death is that death is evil. Such everyday perception might seem in lack of introspection and blind but our living environment and form of life are strongly supporting this perception. This paper argues that there is reasonable cause for believing death is evil. In order to justify this argue, this paper critically supports Thomas Nagel's 'Deprivation Theory', which identifies the cause of death being in evil in the deprivation of life. This paper investigates the main substances of 'Deprivation Theory, suggests the related problems and therefore reconstitutes the main arguments of 'Deprivation Theory, resulting in the investigation of the following facts; that we cannot avoid the fate of death, but that our existence is headed towards the future, and that as independent individuals we have infinite possibilities of life. Death is natural to humanity as species, but as independent individuals death deprives us from possible life and future. Therefore, death we encounter in our living environment and form of life is evil. As species, we can agree with Epicurus and Lecretius' view, but as independent individuals we cannot share them.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.1221-1244
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• 2009

The death scenes are the culmination of both Doris Lessing's "To Room Nineteen" and Toni Morrison's Sula. Lessing's Susan, an intelligent white English woman, gradually loses the meaning of life as awealthy housewife in the patriarchal society and commits suicide as her solution in Room Nineteen of Fred's Hotel. Morrison's Sula, an African-American woman, grows up without having the normal ego under Eva's matriarchy in a black community named the Bottom. Sula, after Nel's marriage, becomes a symbol of evil to her community and drifts down to death in Eva's bed. Reading these two death stories from the perspective of Jung's archetypal psychology, Susan is not able to continue to live a meaningful life because her life energy is cut off from its source which is in the unconscious. According to Jung, the symbol is the medium of the psychic energy from the unconscious to consciousness. In modern society which is represented by intelligence, the religious and mythical symbols are removed by rationalism, which means disconnection of the flow of life energy from the unconscious. Susan's death can be read as a kind of creating symbol to connect the modern people to the source of life energy. Sula's case is the opposite of Susan's. She remains in the unconscious world without having the proper ego in the absurd reality of racial and sexual problems. Sula finally rises again in Nel's awareness, becoming a symbol of the feminine goddess like goddess Inanna.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.74-79
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• 2020

It is necessary to expand organ donations of the deceased, as more ethical problems are emerging from the increase in organ donations from the living. As the legal and ethical discussions on donation after circulatory death (DCD) as a field with the potential to expand such domestic organ donation are being held, the need for a social consensus is increasingly highlighted. Organ DCD refers to the donation of an organ from a patient whose spontaneous blood circulation has stopped due to cardiac death. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there are legal and ethical obstacles or medical uncertainties for expanding the practice of DCD. By law, death is recognized as cardiac death, and brain death is recognized as an exception for organ transplantation. Although circulatory death precedes brain death, this paper presents a discussion to begin the process of reaching an ethical and legal agreement on whether or not circulatory death can be recognized as death. Successful implementations of DCD, including Category III DCD, in other countries are currently being reviewed to introduce Category III DCD in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 1990

The research is a comparative study of death attitudes between male and female elderly people. There is no doubt as to the inevitability of death. And yet, there is a vast conspiracy involved in the word of dead or death. The aged are considered to be nearer death than are people in other age groups. Kalish(1976) emphasized that for the aged two meanings of death have significance for evaluating their life ; first, that older people are known to have a limited life time and face death ; second that older people are known to have suffered many death-imposed losses that are often associated with the dying process. In considering these implications, the level of anxiety regarding death and dying is a crucial factor in determining mental health. In the study, 152 male elderly and 145 female elderly residing in Seoul, Korea was compared on the four dimensions of death anxiety and assigned personal variables. Therefore, the purpose the research was (1) to examine the characteristics of subjects on the independent variables(age, marital status, family relationship, social activities, religiousity etc.) ; (2) to examine the relationship between the independent variables and each dimension of death axniety ; (3) to determine the proportion of variance in the respective of death anxiety which is accounted for by the respective independent variables ; (4) to examine whether a significant difference between the respective independent variables and each dimension of death anxiety has ; (5) to determine the combination of variables which is the most successful in explaining the variance in death anxiety. Finding from this study support the following conclusions; 1. There was a significant differences between the male and female subjects in the level of death anxiety. In turn, the male older adults had lower death anxiety than did the female elderly. This implies that male tend to look forward to death rather than deny it. 2. As there was evidences from several studies, this research found that fear of death decreases as age increases. 3. The following two variables that correlate best with dying anxiety of others in both male and female older adults : 'marriage life', 'social interaction'. 4. The variables 'age' and 'children' for both female and male elderly accounted for the most variance in death anxiety of self. The findings of the study lend this investigator several suggestions, implications and recommendations for future research. There can be no death without life, and conversely, no life without death. Psychologists and health-related professionals may be learn as much about death as they can in order to develop more healthy attitudes and in order to be able to better aid and comfort dying people and their familities. Perhaps most importantly, professionals may be help those who are not faced with death at present to develop an understanding of it and healthy attitudes toward it. The programs of death education are needed for dedication to the evitability of death and the preparation of life for the older adults. More seminars, symposiums and research on death attitudes are needed. Finally, study for female older adults has been negelected topic in the areas of women's study and health education. Future study, for female elderly, have to deeply investigate where those problems come from and how to cope with in order to the female elderly segment can live the rest of their lives in satisfaction with well-being.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.647-658
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• 2012

Purpose: This study was to analyzed the types of subjectivity that elderly who live alone caregivers have about the lonely death. Methods: This study objectified the subjective area by applying the Q methodology. It studied 24 caregivers in H region, who responded to 34 Q sample statements. The method of forced distribution was practiced regarding the results on a 9 points Q sample distribution chart. The collected data was analyzed using PC QUANL program. Results: The caregivers' perception of lonely death has been classified into four types: Type 1 ('type of fate-receptive invitation of lonely death'), Type 2 ('type of afterlife-expectantly invitation of lonely death'), Type 3 ('type of death preparation invitation of lonely death'), and type 4 ('type of rejection of lonely death due to attachment with life'). Conclusion: The present study attempts to provide basic resources for the development of nursing-intervention program to solve the problems with lonely death by grasping and understanding the types of the caregivers' perception of lonely death through which it also aims to yield information necessary to improve the quality of life in their remaining years.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.31-40
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• 2021

Go has a history of more than 2,500 years, and the life-and-death problems in Go is a fundamental problem domain that must be solved when implementing a computer Go. We attempted to determine the numbers of prototypical eye shapes with 3, 4, 5, and 6 eyes that are directly related to the life-and-death problems, and to classify the prototypical eye shapes represented in 4-tuple forms. Experiment was conducted by Monte-Carlo method and point pattern matching. According to the experimental results, the numbers of prototypical eye shapes were 2 for 3-eye, 5 for 4-eye, 12 for 5-eye, and 35 for 6-eye shapes. Further, using a 4-tuple form, we classified prototypical eye shapes into 1 for 3-eye, 3 for 4-eye, 4 for 5-eye, and 8 for 6-eye shapes.