• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-47
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• 1992

This study was surveyed among 1136 respondent of high school girls in seoul from Feb. 6, till Feb. 22, 1992 for the purpose of analysing the smoking of high school girls and its factor. The data was analied by X²-test and Multiple Regression and shows the following. 1. Out of 1,136 respondent, the current smokers were found to be 176, 15.5% and the former smokers were 204, 18.0%. This implies that 23.5% of high school girls seoul have experience smoking. 2. For the first smoking time in both smoking group and former smokers, it shows that the third grade of middle school lead the lists. 36.9% (65) of the smokers and 37.3(75)of former smokers experienced the first smoking at that time. 70.5%(124) of the smoking group have the intention to stop smoking and the first reason of it is health problem, 65.6%(75). 3. For the type of the school the smoking rate rages from 2.7%(7) of literary part in day time to 25.3%(97) of vocational part in evening time and the rate of smoking experience shows from 9.9%(26) literary part in day time to 25.3%(97) of vocational part in evening time. This data show that literary part in day time has the lowst rate while vocational part in eveing time the highest rate. 4. Compared with non smoker group, smoking group and former smoking group spent more money (P<0.001) and felt dissatisfied with school life and didn't have good school records. 5. Smoking group and former smokers have more boy friends than non smoking group and in most cases their boy friend have smoking habits (P<0.001) and it is the same with their gril friend (P<0.001). 6. Compared with non smoker group, smoking group and former smokers lack of their parents' interest (P<0.001). But whether it is strict or free there is little difference among the three group. 7. For smoking group and former smoking group, in most cases their parent, brother and sister tend to smoke and especially their sisters' smoking has much influence on their smoking in comparison with non-smokers. 8. Compared with non-smoker group, smoking group and former smoking group tend to think less of the harm of smoking. In regard with health problem, more smoking group and former smokers think that smoking can relieve the stress (P<0.001), and more non-smokers know that when a pregnant woman smokes, it can cause the lack of supply of Oxygen{P<0.01). 9. Smoking group and former smoking group have more positive attitude towards smoking than non-smokers and tend to agree to their boy and girl friends' smoking(P<0.001).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.12
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• pp.1311-1320
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• 2009

Childhood obesity has rapidly increased in Korea during the past 20-30 years. Approximately 1 of 10 children and adolescents is obese. Appropriate prevention and intervention measures urgently need. Obesity prevention starts early in life, i.e., obesity prevention and education begins during the period of fetal development in utero. Behavioral changes are the most positively reflected during pregnancy. Infants should be fed breast milk, and inculcated with healthy eating and behavioral habits during infancy to ultimately establish a healthy lifestyle in children. For achieving a lifestyle and behavior that successfully allow children to overcome obesity, although individual motivation is important, active support of parents and family members is also imperative. Health care providers should also make an effort to actively prevent obesity and take necessary intervention actions. Although the efforts of individuals, family, and healthy care providers are important to prevent the rapid increase in obesity, primary prevention should be encouraged at a higher level. Schools should specifically aim at improving nutrition and physical activity by allocating times for healthy eating, playing, and physical education. Moreover, local communities should provide support by funding for safe recreational environments, such as playgrounds and walking tracks. Public health strategies in community and national policies, such as city planning, food marketing, and advertisements, are required for primary prevention of obesity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.528-533
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• 2004

The immune system acts to protect the host from infectious agents that exist in the environment and from other noxious insults. The immune system has two functional divisions: the innate and the acquired. Both components involve various factors such as cytokines. A number of methodologies exist to assess aspects of immune function. There are large inter-individual variations in many immune functions even among the healthy. Genetics, age, gender, smoking habits, habitual levels of exercise, alcohol consumption, diet, stage in the female menstrual cycle, stress, history of infections and vaccinations, and early life experiences are likely to be important contributors to the observed variation. While it is clear that individuals with immune responses significantly below 'normal' are more susceptible to infectious agents and exhibit increased infectious morbidity and mortality, it is not clear how the variation in immune function among healthy individuals relates to variation in susceptibility to infection. Oriental medicine is an important factor contributing to immune competence. The author investigated the immune enhancement effects of Bojungikkitanggami-bang (BITB). The forced swimming test (FST) has been used as a screening model for new immune enhancement agents. In the present study, the author investigated the effects of BITB on FST and blood biochemical parameters related to fatigue, glucose (Glc); blood urea nitrogen (BUN); lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); creatinine; and total protein (TP). The author found that BITB (1 g/kg) significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST compared to the control. In addition, the contents of Glc, LDH, BUN, TP in the blood serum were increased in BITB (1g/kg)-fed group. Also, the author investigated the effects of BITB on the production of cytokines in human T-cell line, MOLT-4 cells. BITB (1 mg/ml) significantly increased the interferon (IFN)-vproduction compared with media control (about 2.2-fold for IFN-γ) at 24 h. However, BITB has not affect the production of IL-2 and IL-4. In addition, BITB increased the protein expression level of IFN-γ in MOLT-4 cells. Thus, BITB may have therapeutic value in generating or enhancing immune function in a clinical setting.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-68
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• 2013

Objectives : This research aimed to develop a new etiologic classification for traditional Korean Medicine in order to respond to the social and environmental change. Methods : We reviewed the existing theories on etiological classification for East Asian Medicine thoroughly and discussed the problems and limitations. Based on the experts' consensus, we abstracted disease factors and etiologic items. Results : The disease factors are classified into three parts: the human body, the environment, and the interaction between the human body and the environment. We defined them as the inner factor, the external factor, and the interaction between the inner and the external factors. The inner factor is free from the influence of the environment, and it causes diseases solely from the components of the human body. It is divided into genetic factors. The external factor is defined as a case when a disease occurs due to a factor outside the human body and includes external injuries, environmental pollution, and natural disasters. The interaction between the inner and the external factors is a disease factor that causes diseases by the interaction of the human body and the environment and includes emotions, habits, and social environment. As a result of the analysis, it was possible to see the meanings at a single glance as the scattered and fractional meanings were integrated with focus on medicinal herbs, but the increasing number of analyzed medicinal herbs tended to more and more complicate their relationships, thus, requiring additional work like filtering. Conclusions : The new etiologic classification of Korean Medicine fully reflects the perspectives on life in Korean Medicine while embracing the changes in modem society. Also, by avoiding the usage of ambivalent terms and wrong classification methods, the new classification system constructs intuitive and concise etiology and improves usability in clinical medicine.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.231-242
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of oral health behavior factors to oral health promotion behavior in dental hygiene students and nonhealth-related majors, to identify factors affecting their oral health promotion behavior and ultimately to provide information on the oral health promotion of college students and behavioral factors related to that. Methods : The subjects in this study were three-year-course dental hygiene students and two-year-course nonhealth-related majors in G college located in the city of Gwangju. A self-administered survey was conducted for 11 days from September 9 to 19, 2009, and the answer sheets from 473 respondents were analyzed. To look for connections between their major and the characteristics of their oral health promotion behavior, t-test was utilized, and t-test and one-way ANOVA were carried out to find out the relationship oral health promotion behavior by general characteristics. Besides, multiple regression analysis was employed to grasp factors affecting oral health promotion behavior. Results : Among the subfactors of oral health promotion behavior, the dental hygiene students statistically significantly outdid the nonhealth-related majors in thorough post-meal toothbrushing(p<0.01), toothbrushing method(p<0.001), use of fluorine-containing dentifrice(p<0.001) and good nutrition(p<0.05). But the latter statistically significantly outperformed the former in use of fluorine-containing rinse(p<0.001) and limited sugar intake(0<0.05). Regarding variables affecting oral health promotion behavior, the age group, whether to get a dental checkup over the last year and whether to use oral hygiene supplies were identified as the variables to impact on oral health promotion behavior. Specifically, the age group(dental hygiene students) and the get a dental checkup over the last year(nonhealth-related majors) had a greater impact. Conclusions : To promote the oral health of college students, comprehensive oral health education should be provided, which covers the importance of dental checkup, recommendation for the use of oral hygiene supplies, etc. Specifically, oral health education should be offered as one of general education courses in order for nonhealth-related majors to get into sound life habits and improve their oral health promotion behavior. To make it happen, required institutional measures should be taken.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.12
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• pp.520-525
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• 2014

Purpose: Childhood obesity is an increasing public health issue worldwide. We examined dietary patterns among adolescents in a dormitory school, identified obese adolescents and tried to intervene to improve food habits and physical activity. Methods: We conducted an experimental prospective longitudinal study based on 36 obese (body mass index $[BMI]{\geq}95th$ percentile) adolescents (aged 12-18 years) compared with controls (healthy children: normal age-appropriate BMI ($BMI{\leq}85th$ percentile). Six months' intervention included lifestyle-modification counseling (once a week by a clinical dietician), and an exercise regimen twice a week, 60 minutes each time, instructed by a professional pediatric trainer). Both groups underwent baseline measurements at the beginning of the study and 6 months later (arterial stiffness, blood pressure, pulse, weight and height, hemoglobin, creatinine, liver enzymes, highly sensitive C-reactive protein and complete lipid profile). Results: Twenty-one participants completed the study. Low compliance from participants, school staff and parents was observed (participation in planned meetings; 71%-83%). BMI significantly decreased from $32.46{\pm}3.93kg/m^2$ to $30.32{\pm}3.4kg/m^2$ (P=0.002) in the study group. Arterial stiffness was not significantly different between the 2 groups and did not change significantly after 6 months' intervention (P=0.494). No significant changes in CRP and lipid profile were observed after the intervention. Conclusion: Making lifestyle modifications among adolescents in a dormitory school is a complex task. Active intervention indeed ameliorates BMI parameters. However, in order to maximize the beneficial effects, a multidisciplinary well-trained team is needed, with emphasis on integrating parents and the school environment.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Western countries came to Asia aggressively in the early 1900s. Westerners who came to Korea at that time also had a various jobs with diplomats, missionaries, doctors, and so on. Korean diet was curious and shocking to foreigners in the early 1990s, so they made a record of the Korean diet. They thought Korea was peaceful, attractive and rich to eat. Koreans ate mainly rice and kimchi, a variety of grains, vegetables and bibimbap. Korea had a variety of meat and fish, seaweed, and herbs(ginseng). Foreigners said Koreans were greedy for food and ate a lot. Koreans ate basically a bowl of rice(bap), a bowl of soup(kuk), kimchi, soy sauce and other dishes. If Koreans wanted to set a table in abundance, they have meat soup(kuk) with meat and additional fish like as raw fish, dried fish, and boiled or fried fish. Korean people had a jangdokdae with Ongki(Earthen jar) where soy sauce(kanjang), soybean paste(doenjang), red pepper paste(kochujang), pickles (jang-achi) have been fermented. Foreigners felt the smell of lacquer tree and kimchi hung in the air from Korean people. While they were compared it to the smell of western rim cheese burger, they said Korea was a country with nasty smell in the feet. By the records of foreigners in the early 1900s, Korean's diets and image were appeared objectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between knowledge of nutrition labeling and the effect on eating habits with 300 high school boys in Seoul. The subjects were divided into an underweight (UW) group (BMI < $18.5kg/m^2$, n = 42), a normal weight (NW) group ($18.5kg/m^2\;{\leq}\;BMI\;<\;23kg/m^2$, n = 129) and an overweight (OW) group (BMI ${\geq}\;23kg/m^2$, n = 79) based on their body mass index (BMI). The average age of participants was 17.8 years old and their mean height and weight were 174.9 cm and 66.5 kg. The mean BMI of subjects was $21.7kg/m^2$ which fell within the normal range. Seventy six point four percent of subjects perceived nutrition labeling and they acquired the information pertaining to it through TV and internet. The UW group and the OW group obtained it from their parents, relatives and friends, while NW group acquired it from school. There were significant differences among groups in the acquired source of the information on nutrition labeling (p < 0.05). The NW group and the OW group trusted nutrition labeling more than the UW group, but there were no significant differences among them. Forty five point five percent of the UW group and 40.7% the NW group were satisfied with nutrition labeling education, while only 15.8% of the OW group did it. The OW group checked nutrition labeling more than the UW group and the NW group at the point of food purchase. The primary reason for examining nutrition labeling was 'to check nutrient contents' in the UW group and the NW group, while the OW group examined it to improve health including regulation of body weight. There were significant differences among groups with regards to the reason for examining nutrition labeling (p < 0.001). The OW group was aware that nutrition labeling affected their eating ha-bits significantly more than the other groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, application-centered education on nutrition labeling and the strong support of the government is needed in order to improve nutrition labeling use and to apply the information from nutrition labeling into student dietary life.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.218-225
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• 2016

Recently, Korea has undergone rapid social and economic development, and with that came various changes in living habits and disease patterns; the nation, accordingly, has been alerted to the associated risks of chronic ailments. As risk factors of metabolic syndrome commonly include causal factors of chronic diseases, prevention is important. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults is 22.4%, which comprises a large portion of the whole disease (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013). This study aims to examine the elements of healthy living practices by analyzing the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and health behaviors, and provide basic materials to contribute to the activation of health promotion. Among 12,481 subjects of the source data from the 2014 community health survey, which was performed on adults aged 19 and over in Jeonlabuk-do, 12,185 people were analyzed in this study using SPSS 23.0. There were significant differences with respect to sex, smoking status, age, education level, and number of days of physical activity among the results of the difference of the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome according to the characteristics of the health behavior of the subjects. Of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome, this study emphasized the necessity of strategies to promote health programs regarding the management of drinking, smoking, physical activities, depression, subjective health condition and quality of life to the group of those with dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.423-432
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to promote health in middle-aged Koreans (40-59 years old) by understanding health behaviors that affect high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level among various health behaviors. In a national health and nutrition survey, raw data combined on a total of 7,406 persons, IV-3 (2009), V-1 (2010), V-2 (2011), V-3 (2012), and VI-1 (2013), were selected as the final analysis subjects. HDL cholesterol was divided into two groups: less than 40 mg/dl and more than 40 mg/dl. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis were as follows: OR=3.916 for males, OR=3.439 for normal than low weight, OR=7.336 for obesity than low weight, OR=1.629 for alcohol consumption, OR=1.498 for smokers, OR=1.426 for don't practice moderate physical activity, OR=1.264 for no walking exercise, OR=1.510 for carbohydrates normal intake than low intake, OR 1.787 for carbohydrates over intake than low intake when HDL cholesterol increased from 40 mg/dl to less than 40 mg/dl. Korean middle-aged high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels should be increased to maintain proper health through aerobic exercise, smoking cessation, proper drinking habits, obesity relief, healthy eating out, and healthy food choices. This requires continuous publicity and education within the community, and a social environment should be built that enables health behavior to be practiced in daily life.