• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.50-52
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• 2001

Licorice is widely used as a Chinese(herbal) medicine. The glycyrrhizin, a main ingredient of the natural licorice, has a potent mineralocorticoid effect which may cause severe hypokalemia and muscle paralysis. We present a 60-year-old woman, who had been ingesting one or two spoonful of licorice powder daily for about one year, developed acute flaccid quadriparesis with high levels of serum muscle enzymes and the typical features of mineralocorticoid excess such as severe hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Both plasma renin activity and serum aldosterone level were below the normal values. This case indicates that licorice-induced hypokalemic myopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient with acute quadriparesis and hypokalemia.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2003

Objective : The aim of present study is to evaluate the inhibitory potential of licorice extract and glycyrrhizin on cytochrome P450(CYP) in human liver microsomes. Methods : Using human liver microsomes, water extract of licorice and glycyrrhizin as an inhibitor were co-incubated with each probe drug representing selective CYP isoform activity. We measured relative metabolic activity in incubation condition compared to that with no extract of licorice using HPLC system. Results : Both water extracts of licorice and glycyrrhizin showed inhibitory effect on CYP-catalyzed reactions. CYP2C19 $(IC_{50}=126.7{\mu}g/ml)$ is most potently inhibited by water extract than other tested CYP isoforms$(IC_{50}>450{\mu}g/ml)$, but glycyrrhizin exhibited potent inhibition on CYP1A2$(IC_{50}=106.9{\mu}g/ml)$ followed by CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. Conclusion: These results indicate that water extract of licorice and glycyrrhizin have inhibitory potential on CYP-catalyzed reaction in human liver microsomes. But the mechanism of inhibition was slightly different between them Water extract of licorice mainly inhibited CYP2C19, and glycyrrhizin primarily inhibited CYP1A2. The inhibition by water extract of licorice and glycyrrhizin on CYP isoforms may cause drug interaction with co-administered drug leading to toxicity or treatment failure.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2019년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.103-103
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• 2019

Glycyrrhizae radix, commonly known as licorice, is a perennial herb belonging to Leguminosae and also includes various components such as, glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin etc. Licorice has been widely used in East Asia as a medicine having pharmacological effects like antioxidants, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and immune modulatory activities. Among various licorice, Glycyrrhiza (G.) uralensis G. glabra and G. inflata are used for pharmaceutical purposes in Korea. However, cultivation of licorice has some problems such as low quality, low productivity, and early leaf drop. Korea Rural Development Administration developed new cultivars Wongam and Sinwongam, which are improved in cultivation and quality. To register the newly developed cultivar (s) on Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in Korea as a medicine, it is necessary to prove the similarity and difference through the comparative studies between already-registered species and new cultivars. Some fungi and bacteria usually in the human oral cavity and intestines exist as harmless state in human body. Also, the skin and genital infections by fungi can lead to toxic systemic infections and are accompanied by flushing, rashes, burning or painful sensation. The influences of licorice varieties on fungi and bacteria might be an evidence to prove the outstanding effect of newly developed licorice variety. In this study, the antifungal and antibacterial activity was investigated using newly developed licorice varieties Wongam, and Sinwongam against various fungi and bacteria. These results means newly developed licorice could be used as a replacement of already-registered species in terms of antifungal and antibacterial application.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Optimal extraction conditions such as pressures, temperatures, and modifiers on glycyrrhizin extraction from licorice were investigated using supercritical $CO_2\;(SC-CO_2)$ at 3 mL/min flow rate. Morphology of licorice tissue, after glycyrrhizin extraction, was examined by SEM, and absolute density ($g/cm^3$) measurement and glycyrrhizin content were determined by HPLC. Pure $SC-CO_2$ had no effect on glycyrrhizin extraction, but recovery of glycyrrhizin ($32.66{\pm}0.77%$) was enhanced when water was used as modifier. The highest recovery was $97.22{\pm}2.17%$ when 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol was added to 15% (v/v) $SC-CO_2$ at 50 MPa and $60^{\circ}C$. Under optimal extraction conditions, 30 MPa pressure and $60^{\circ}C$ heating temperature, glycyrrhizin recovery reached maximum ($102.67{\pm}1.13%$) within 60 min. Licorice tissue was severely damaged by excessive swelling, and absolute density of licorice residues was highest when aqueous methanol was used as a modifier.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.744-751
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• 1995

천연 재료 중의 하나로 항산화 효과가 있는 감초를 동치미에 첨가하므로써 동치미의 맛과 발효숙성에 미치는 영향을 알아보았따. 감초 첨가량을 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5%로 달리하여 담근 동치미를 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(A군)과 실온($16{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$)에서 24시간 숙성 후 $4^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(B군)을 각각 41일 까지 발효숙성 시키면서 이화학적 특성(pH, 총산 함량, 환원당, 총 비타민 C, 색도), 미생물학적 특성 및 관능적 특성을 조사하였다. 발효가 진행됨에 따라 pH는 모든 실험구에서 점차로 낮아졌는데 감초 첨가구의 pH가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 약간 높았다. 총산 함량은 증가함을 보여 A군이 B군 보다 약간 많은 총산 함량을 나타내었으며 감초 첨가구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 적은 총산 함량을 나타내었다. 환원당 함량은 A군과 B군 모두 발효 13일에 감초 첨가구에서 가장 많이 증가하였으며 A군은 발효 32일에 모든 첨가구에서 크게 감소하였고, B군은 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구와 1.5% 감초 첨가구를 제외하고는 증가된 환원당 함량 상태를 그대로 유지하였다. 총 비타민 C 함량은 A군과 B군 모두 감초를 첨가한 구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구에 비해서 전반적으로 약간 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 B군이 A군 보다 총 비타민 C 함량이 약간 높았다. 색도는 A군과 B군 모두 발효의 진행과 함께 점차적으로 명도가 낮아졌는데 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구가 감초 첨가구에 비해서 덜 감소하였다. 젖산균수는 A군과 B군 모두 발효 2일에 크게 증가하여 발효 41일에 크게 감소하였고, B군의 경우는 계속 유지되었다. 감초 첨가구가 감초를 첨가하지 않은 구 보다 젖산균수가 더 많았다. 관능검사 결과 전반적으로 숙성일이 지남에 따라 A군 보다 B군의 점수가 더 높았으며 0.5% 감초 첨가구를 가장 좋아하였다. 본 실험의 결과에서는 전반적으로 $10^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(A군) 보다 실온($16{\pm}0.5^{\circ}C$)에서 23시간 숙성 후 $4^{\circ}C$에 저장한 것(B군)이 약간 우수했으며, 이화학적 특성에 있어서 감초를 첨가한 구가 많은 총 비타민 C 함량이나 젖산균수를 나타냈고, 관능검사 결과에서는 0.5% 감초 첨가구를 가장 좋아하였다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.80-91
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 감초 추출물의 첨가량을 달리하여 불고기 소스를 제조하였으며, 불고기 소스의 물리적 특성과 관능검사를 통해 품질 특성을 고찰하고, 감초 추출물을 첨가한 소스로 제조한 불고기의 관능검사를 통해 불고기 소스의 최적 제조 조건을 제시하고자 하였다. 감초 추출물을 설탕 무게의 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%로 대체하여 불고기 소스를 제조한 후, 색도, pH, 당도 등의 특성과 관능검사를 실시하였으며, 감초 추출물을 첨가한 소스로 양념한 불고기의 관능검사를 실시하였다. 불고기 소스의 색도(L값)와 당도는 감초 추출물의 첨가 비율이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하였다. 특성 차이 검사 결과, 투명도와 윤기는 불고기와 불고기 소스 모두 LBS4에서 가장 강하게 평가되었으며, 단맛은 감초 추출물의 첨가 비율이 증가할수록 유의적으로 강하게 평가되었다. 불고기 소스와 불고기의 후미는 LBS3에서 가장 강하게 평가되었고, 불고기에 대한 냄새, 맛, 조직감, 전체적인 기호도에서 LBS2가 다른 시료들과 비교하여 유의적으로 좋은 선호도를 나타냈다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Licorice has been shown to possess cancer chemopreventive effects. However, glycyrrhizin, a major component in licorice, was found to interfere with steroid metabolism and cause edema and hypertension. The roasting process of licorice modifies the chemical composition and converts glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhetinic acid. The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-carcinogenic effects of the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (EERL) and to identify the active compound in EERL. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ethanol and aqueous extracts of roasted and un-roasted licorice were prepared. The active fraction was separated from the methylene chloride (MC)-soluble fraction of EERL and the structure of the purified compound was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The anti-carcinogenic effects of licorice extracts and licochalcone A was evaluated using a MTT assay, Western blot, flow cytometry, and two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. RESULTS: EERL was determined to be more potent and efficacious than the ethanol extract of un-roasted licorice in inhibiting the growth of DU145 and MLL prostate cancer cells, as well as HT-29 colon cancer cells. The aqueous extracts of un-roasted and roasted licorice showed minimal effects on cell growth. EERL potently inhibited growth of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast, B16-F10 melanoma, and A375 and A2058 skin cancer cells, whereas EERL slightly stimulated the growth of normal IEC-6 intestinal epithelial cells and CCD118SK fibroblasts. The MC-soluble fraction was more efficacious than EERL in inhibiting DU145 cell growth. Licochalcone A was isolated from the MC fraction and identified as the active compound of EERL. Both EERL and licochalcone A induced apoptosis of DU145 cells. EERL potently inhibited chemically-induced skin papilloma formation in mice. CONCLUSIONS: Non-polar compounds in EERL exert potent anti-carcinogenic effects, and that roasted rather than un-roasted licorice should be favored as a cancer preventive agent, whether being used as an additive to food or medicine preparations.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.276-286
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• 2017

Licorice, a traditional Korean medicinal plant, is recognized for its main active ingredient, glycyrrhizin. The level of glycyrrhizin in Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is lower than the reference level (2.5%) set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia, reducing its value as a medicinal herb. In this study, we aimed to overcome this problem by generating an interspecific licorice hybrid by crossing European licorice (G. glabra) with Chinese licorice, resulting in the production of 32 $F_1$ lines. A comparison of genetic traits revealed variations in glycyrrhizin content among lines, ranging from 1.5 to 5.6%, with a mean value of 3.2%; these values are higher than that of the parental plants. Additionally, 25 lines (78.1%) had a glycyrrhizin content greater than 2.5%, which is higher than the reference level set by the Korean Pharmacopoeia. Four of these lines had glycyrrhizin levels higher than the WHO recommended level of 4.0%. A comparison of phenotypic characteristics showed that the leaves of the hybrids possessed all of the characteristics of European and Chinese licorice; however, the stems of most hybrids had characteristics of European licorice. Finally, we determined the genetic distances of 34 samples of Glycyrrhiza plants (parents, 32 $F_1$ lines) by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD); the $F_1$ lines showed a close genetic distance. We plan to develop to a cultivar using five of these lines (glycyrrhizin content < 4.0%).

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.207-210
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• 2004

유용성 감초산은 강한 항염 작용으로 주름개선용 기능성 화장품에서 널리 사용되어지는 물질이다. 그러나 용해성이 좋지 않고 빛, 열, 산소에 의하여 변질되기 쉽다. 본 연구에서는 유용성감초산을 PG/hydrogenated lecithin/MCT/glycerine/water를 microfluidzer를 이용해 30-50nm인 nanosolve-licorice를 만들고, 잘 용해된 nanosolve-licorice를 다공성 PMMA에 에탄올과 함께 넣은 후 microfluidzer를 1000 BAR에서 연속 3회 처리하여 안정화시켰다. 이 실험에서 글라블리딘 함량을 HPLC로 측정한 결과 기존의 리포좀에 비하여 3-5배 정도 안정성을 보였으며, PMMA 캡슐로 된 리코러스는 피부의 침투가 기존 리포솜에 비하여 월등히 우수하여 항염 효과를 더욱 증가시켰다. 이러한 실험을 image analyzer, particle size analyzer, FF-TEM, chromameter, HPLC등의 분석장비를 사용하였다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives : The consumption of licorice is large in Korea, but domestic production is insufficient due to the lack of adaptability. This study aimed to provide a morphological basis for adding interspecific hybrid licorice with improved adaptability to pharmacopoeia. Methods : This study was to establish identification criteria for the original plants, external and internal morphology of the authentic herbal medicines (Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra and G. inflata), market products and artificially interspecific hybrid forms of licorice. For this purpose, previous studies were investigated and visual and histological observations were carried out. We focused on the internal morphology by microscopic observation for securing objectivity. Finally, we proposed the identification keys for precise classification of each part. Results : 1) Original plant : Licorice species in the compendium were distinguished by the number of leaflets, presence of hair on the fruit, curvature and swelling of the fruit. 2) External morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by degree of powderiness, tearing gap, radial structure in the cross section and existence of protrusion of outer epidermis. 3) Internal morphology : Licorice species were distinguished by the degree of development of phloem fiber bundle, development of obliterated sieve, whether the secondary medullary ray are branched. In the case of interspecific hybrids, the characteristics of both species used for hybridization were mixed in all observation methods. Conclusions : These results suggest that the interspecific crossbred licorice is suitable for the pharmacopoeial standard. Therefore, it can be applied as a herbal medicine through additional supplementary study.