• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 1993

Mandibular rest position is very essential position because in that position, masticatory muscularture can be reciprocally coordinative and unstrained. So obtaining a good ability to establish and maintain rest position in non-functioning state is mandatory for treatment of patient with craniomandibular disorders. In general, many types of mandibulr movement exercise start from rest position and use the sense of muscle relearning, that is, muscle smoothness and relaxation, throughout the exercise period. In this study, 44 normal subjects for control group and 37 patients with craniomandibular disorders for experimental group participated and they were classified into 3 subgroups, respectively. One method to guide mandibular rest position was used for one subgroup, so theree methods were used for this study, 1)self-guided rest position without any education, 2) guided by Rocabado's tongue rest position, 3) guided through swallowing after Dawson's centric relation. To record electromyographic activity, Bioelectric processor EM2 (Myotronics, U.S.A.) was used. The numbers of sessions from start to stable resting electromyographic level and muscle activities in stable state were recorded and two recordings which were first and second, 3 days after first recording, were done, The data were processed with SPSS/PC+package. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Mean number of sessions in second recording were fewer than those in first recording in both groups. In comparison among 3 subgroups, mean number of sessions of subgroup guided through Dawson's method were fewer than those of other groups though it is not statistically significant. 2. There was a difference of mean number of sessions between control and experimental group in first recording, but in second recording there was no difference in any cases. 3. Mean value of muscle activity were generally not different without regard to group and method if once come to stable resting position level. Mean value of muscle activity of guided subgroups showed a tendency of decreasing in second recording than in first recording. However, in self-guided subgroup there was a inconsistent pattern. 4. The amounts of change in session number from first to second recording in control group were fewer than those in experimental group.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.96-117
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• 2022

Purpose - Considering the recent instability of world economy and its heavy dependence on foreign, Korea must formulate breakthrough approaches to proactively cope with these adverse global developments. As such, this study aims to ascertain how participation in global value chains (GVCs) relates to corporate productivity and derive policy implications. Design/methodology - This study utilizes the microdata of Korean manufacturers to develop indicators of GVC participation at the enterprise level and analyzes the effects of GVC participation on the firm's total factor productivity by using fixed effect model. Findings - Enterprises with highest rates of export-side GVC participation see their productivity grow as their export-side GVC participation rates increase. In addition, when companies are classified by their export-side GVC participation rates, increasing export values improves all firm's productivity. In particular, those with low participation rates are analyzed to achieve higher productivity by increasing their imports, not only exports, which implies that companies with lower export-side GVC participation can boost productivity by reinforcing their export and import activities. Originality/value - This research paper distinguishes itself from others in that it makes a novel attempt to design the indicators of GVC participation at the enterprise level, not at the national or industry level. In addition, this study contributes to the existing literature by dividing companies into subgroups depending on their GVC participation rates for each of export and import and identifying variances in the effect of GVC participation on productivity growth among subgroups.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.171-197
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• 2003

There have been quite many studies to identify factors affecting successful implementation of EDI systems. However, previous studies have investigated influencing factors independently. Given the complexity involved in the implementation of EDI systems, it might be quite necessary to investigate the interaction effects between influencing factors. The primary purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction effects of organizational characteristics as contextual variables on the relationship between managerial characteristics and EDI implementation. Analysis of 202 responses of survey questionnaire indicates the following: 1) Education/training and top management support has positive effect on the successful EDI implementation. 2) The degree of decentralization has strong, and management risk position has mild moderating effect on the relationship between managerial characteristics and EDI implementation. 3) The degree of formalization and organizational size have no moderating effect. 4) The subgroup analysis, conducted to determine the exact nature of interaction effect, reveals that the relationship between managerial characteristics and EDI implementation is significantly stronger with a high level of decentralization or management risk position than with a low level.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1016-1026
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to extract protypes from features and concrete images of Lotus and Crane patterns. A qualitative and a quantitative methods were used. Qualitative informations were obtained from depth Interviews for pattern selection and feature extraction, and quantitative informations from a quail-experiment for pattern caregorization. The subjects were 20 female design students and non-design, students in Teajon. The results were summerized into a similarity metrix which was interpreted by the cluster analysis and the multi-dimensional scling(MDS). The patterns for the study were grouped into 8 clusters. Four dimensions were chosen for the MDS. The location of each pattern was visualized in a 2-dimesional spaces and the location of each cluster in a 3-dimensional spaces. The first dimension, "Lotus" vs "Crane" refired to pattern types, and the second dimension, "realistic" vs "transformable", the transformability. The third dimension, "simple" vs "complex", refired to the degree of simplification, and the forth dimension, "continuous" vs "discontinuous", continuity. The results of the Quantitative analysis could be summerized into 3-level prototype hiararchy In the first level, the patterns were devided clearly into two groups. Lotus and Crane by pattern types. In the second levelk, each group was devided into twosubgroups by continuity. In the third, each subgroup was divided into four subgroups by transformability and the degree of simplification. Four protypes, the final targets of the present study, were extracted from the third level. The are Stylized, Realistic, Decorative, Abstract types.d from the third level. The are Stylized, Realistic, Decorative, Abstract types.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.13-39
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• 2006

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the interaction effects of organizational characteristics as contextual variables on the relationship between relational exchange characteristics and ASP service performance. The effect of relational exchange characteristics on ASP service performance has been also investigated. For this purposes, we developed a research model based on the literature reviews of ASP services, relational exchange theory, and contingency theory. A total of 106 usable survey responses from companies using ASP services has been analyzed in the study. The findings indicate that (1) flexibility and partnership had a positive influence upon noneconomic profit, (2) information sharing had a positive influence upon economic profit, (3) organizational size and IS maturity had a partial moderating effect on the relationship between relational exchange characteristics and ASP service performance, and (4) the subgroup analysis, conducted to determine the exact nature of interaction effect, reveals that the relationship between relational exchange characteristics and noneconomic profit is significantly stronger with a high level of organizational size than with a low level, and that the relationship between relational exchange characteristics and economic profit is significantly stronger with a low level of IS maturity than with a high level.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2007

This study is to evaluate the factors that affect to the bone mineral density(BMD) of postpartum women by comparing BMD between postpartum and general women who are ages from 20 to 39, and to identify correlation between various factors weight, height, body mass index(BMI), hemoglobin(Hb) and BMD. Study subjects were postpartum(n=159) and general(n=180) women. We checked the BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine by using dual energy X-ray bone densitometry. The mean age was $30.69{\pm}3.32$ in postpartum care group and $31.22{\pm}5.66$ in general women group. In postpartum care group, the mean BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine were -0.187 and -0.076. In general women group, the mean BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine were -0.029, and -0.169. According to BMI level, each group was divided into two subgroups. One was 23 or more BMI subgroup, and the other was under 23 BMI subgroup. There was a significant difference in BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine between two subgroups in general women group, but only a significant difference in BMD of lumbar spine is noted between two subgroups of postpartum group. According to Hb level, each group was divided into two subgroups. One was 11g/dl or more subgroup, and the other was under 11g/dl subgroup. There was not a statistically significant difference of BMD in all subgroups. BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine showed a significant correlation with weight, height, BMI in both groups. There was a significant correlation between BMD and Hb level in postpartum care group, but a significant correlation was not noted in general women group. The postpartum women showed a significant correlation between BMD and various factors such as weight, height, BMI just like in general women. There was a significant correlation between BMD and Hb in postpartum women, but not in general women.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.251-255
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• 2019

Background: Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) including laser acupuncture (LA) has been widely used to treat chronic low back pain (CLBP), but there is no critically appraised evidence of the potential benefits. The purpose of this protocol for a systematic review was to enable the evaluation of the effectiveness of LLLT including LA for non-specific CLBP to identify the potential benefits. Methods: The electronic databases MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Korean medical databases (KoreaMed, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, KISTI, OASIS), the Chinese database (CNKI), and Japanese databases (CiNII, J-STAGE) are recommended. Results: Randomized controlled trials in LLLT including LA should be included in the searches. All data synthesis and subgroup analyses should be conducted using a Review Manager software. The Cochrane risk of bias tool can be used to evaluate methodological quality of the studies. A risk ratio or mean difference with a 95% confidence interval will show the effects of LLLT including LA. Conclusion: The primary outcome would be pain intensity and functional status/disability due to low back pain. The secondary outcome would be a global measurement of recovery or improvement, quality of life and adverse event.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.17
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• pp.7809-7812
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• 2015

Background: In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with preoperative high serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level, patients with a persistently high serum CEA level after surgery have been reported to have a poor prognosis. In addition, in other cancers, the post/preoperative serum CEA ratio has been reported as a useful parameter. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 123 NSCLC patients with preoperative high CEA levels (${\geq}5ng/mL$) who underwent curative surgery between 2004 and 2011. Prognostic significance of postoperative serum CEA level and the CEA ratio was examined. Results: The 5-year survival of patients with persistently high serum CEA level after surgery was poor. On the other hand, patients with normal postoperative serum CEA levels had significant favorable prognosis. The patients with CEA ratio>1 had poor prognosis, however the number was only 7 (5.7%). The 5-year survival rates of patients with other subgroup based on the CEA ratio ($0.5{\geq}CEA$ ratio and $0.5{\leq}CEA$ $ratio{\leq}1$) was similar. Multivariate analysis revealed prognostic significance for the postoperative serum CEA level but not the CEA ratio. Conclusions: For NSCLC patients with preoperative high serum CEA level, their postoperative serum CEA levels is a more significant prognostic factor than the post/preoperative serum CEA ratio.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.379-382
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• 2017

In March 2016, an isolate of Cucumber mosaic virus (named Gyp-CMV) was isolated from the Sambungai (Gynura procumbens) showing the symptoms of mosaic and chlorosis. The isolate Gyp-CMV was characterized by disease reactions in several indicator plants, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism, and sequence analysis of movement protein (3a) and coat protein (CP) genes. Tobacco, tomato, pepper, ground cherry, and lambsquarters (Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor) appeared typical CMV symptoms, but zucchini and cucumber were not infected. Phylogenetic analysis of the 3a and CP gene indicated that Gyp-CMV belongs to the CMV subgroup II. Sequence identities of the Gyp-CMV 3a and CP genes showed 99.3% and 100% to that of Hnt-CMV at amino acid level. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CMV infection in Gynura procumbens.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.163-188
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• 2012

This study examines recent trends in income inequality among the elderly in Korea. Aggregate income inequality trends are explained by examining evidence from inequality index decomposition by population subgroup and by income source. Data come from Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS). The results are as follows. First, elderly income inequality increased from 1999 to 2002, and then decreased until 2008. Second, household composition changes appear to have disequalizing influence. The proportion of elderly people who are economically dependent on non-elderly family member or living with adult children has declined. Equalizing influence of private transfers also decreased between 2002 and 2008. These results indicate that the redistributive role of family has weakened over time. Third, the improvement of education level and changing occupational structure among the elderly household head contributed to increase in elderly income inequality. Fourth, earning's factor share has declined steadily, and the diminishing role of earnings provides equalizing influence on elderly income inequality from 2002 to 2008. Fifth, the impact of recent expansion of social insurance has changed over time. Inequality contribution of social insurance income increased from 1999 to 2002, and then decreased from 2002 to 2008.