• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.111-116
• /
• 2016

The Nasometer is most commonly used to assess the presence and degree of resonance problems in clinical settings and it provides nasalance scores to identify the acoustic correlates of nasality. Nasalance scores are influenced by factors related to speakers and speech stimuli. This study aims to examine the effect of vowel context and length of stimuli and age on nasalance scores. The participants were 20 adults and 45 children ranging in age from 3 to 5 years. The stimuli consisted of 12 sentences containing no nasal consonants. The stimuli in the three vowel contexts (low, high, and mixed) consisted of 4, 8, 16, and 31-syllable long sentences. Speakers were asked to repeat each stimulus after examiner. The results indicated significant effects of vowel contexts and stimulus length on nasalance scores. The nasalance scores for the high vowel contexts were significantly higher than those for the mixed and low vowel contexts. The nasalance scores for the mixed vowel contexts were significantly higher than those for the low vowel contexts. Speakers had higher nasalance scores for 4-syllable long sentences and 31-syllable long sentences than for 16-syllable long sentences. The effect of age on nasalance scores was not significant. The results of the study suggest that the vowel context and length of speech stimuli should be carefully considered when interpreting the nasalance scores.

• East Asian mathematical journal
• /
• 제35권2호
• /
• pp.115-139
• /
• 2019

In problem solving education, sentence problems are a tool for comprehensive evaluation of mathematical ability. The sentence problems refer to the problem expressed in sentence form rather than simply a numerical representation of mathematical problems. In order to solve sentence problems with a mixture of mathematical terms and general language, problem-solving ability including the ability to understand the meaning of sentences as well as the mathematical computation ability is required. Therefore, it is important to analyze syntactic elements from the linguistic aspects in sentence problems. The purpose of this study is to investigate the complexity of sentence problems in the length of sentences and the grammatical complexity of the sentences in the depth of the sentences by analyzing the 51 sentence problems presented in the $4^{th}$ grade mathematics textbook(2015 revised curriculum). As a result, it was confirmed that it is necessary to examine the length and depth of the sentence more carefully in the teaching and learning of sentence problems. Especially in elementary mathematics, the sentence problems requires a linguistic understanding of the sentence, and therefore it is necessary to consider syntactic elements in the process of developing and teaching sentence problems in mathematics textbook.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제7권3호
• /
• pp.249-262
• /
• 2000

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of syntactic complexity (sentence length and sentence structure) on sentence repetition performance and intelligibility between specific language impairment (SLI) and normal children. Thirteen SLI children and twenty-six normal children, matched by 3 years of language, participated in this study. The sentence repetition performance of the subjects were analyzed based on the sentence length (3-word simple sentences and 5-word simple sentences) and sentence structure (5-word simple sentences, 5-word conjoined complex sentences, and 5-word embedded complex sentences). The results of this study indicated the sentence structure influenced sentence repetition performance and intelligibility of SLI children only. The implication of these findings were discussed.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.127-133
• /
• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sentence repetition and sentence production in school-age children. The participants included 120 school-age children through 1st to 6th grades who were then divided into three grade groups (lower grade: 1st to 2nd grades, intermediate grade: 3th to 4th grades, and higher grade: 5th to 6th grades). The repetition task consisted of 32 sentences that were classified by sentence length (5, 6, 7, and 8 words) and structure (conjunctive and embedded sentences). The sentence production task utilized Lee's (2007) grammaticality judgement and sentence combining task. The findings of present study were as follows. (1) The higher grade performed significantly better than the lower and intermediate grades. (2) The participants performed significantly worse when imitating longer sentences than when imitating shorter ones. In addition, there were interaction effects between grade groups and sentences length. (3) The participants performed significantly better when imitating conjunctive rather than embedded sentences. (4) There was significantly positive correlation between the sentence repetition and sentence production task.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제2권
• /
• pp.135-147
• /
• 1997

This thesis describes pronunciation differences of vowel lengths between Koreans and Americans speaking English words and sentences. This study also analizes the reasons for these differences with the help of acoustic instruments. Sixteen sentences and eight words were selected as the experimental material. The informants for this study were 9 males; 3 Americans and 6 Koreans, who were asked to pronounce the test words and sentences five times. In this study, the acoustical analysis to measure duration was done through computer digital techniques. According to the results of the experiment, duration of 8 English vowels pronounced between Koreans and Americans shows very different features. When Koreans pronounce English vowels, the duration of the stressed vowel in the sentence-final position is much shorter than in other positions, such as in the sentence-initial and in word position. On the contrary, when Americans pronounce English vowels, the duration of the stressed vowel in the sentence-final position is much longer than in other positions. If the correlation between length and stress were to be studied in a more detailed manner, it would give fundamental help to the study of relation between stress and length.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.549-557
• /
• 2014

In this study, the readability of the texts in the third and the sixth grade science textbooks developed under the 2007 revised science curriculum were analyzed in terms of word and sentence units. In the word unit analyses, the levels of the words in the texts were classified into four categories, 1st to 4th levels. In the sentence unit analyses, the sentences in the texts were classified either a simple sentence or compound/complex sentences, and the average length of the sentences was also calculated. The results indicated that more than 90 percents of the words in the 2007 revised science textbooks were classified as the 1st to the 3rd levels. However, both the kinds and the frequencies of the words in the 2007 revised science textbooks were increased in comparison of those in the 7th science textbooks. In particular, it was found that the increasement in the 3rd grade science textbook was noticeable. The ratio of the compound/complex sentences in the 2007 revised science textbooks were increased in comparison of those in the 7th science textbooks. The average length of the sentences in the 2007 revised science textbooks was also increased.

• 정보관리연구
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.1-33
• /
• 1990

품사(品詞), 격(格), 기본동작(基本動作), 기본상태(基本狀態)를 이용(利用)하여 영어(英語)와 한국어(韓國語) 지시초록(指示抄錄)의 문장(文章)을 고찰(考察)하였다. 문(文)과 문장(文章)의 길이(문장(文章)의 결합정도)를 측정(測定)하고, 문장구조(文章構造)와 전개과정(展開過程)을 분석(分析)하였으며 당위적인 초록문형(抄錄文型)을 예시(例示)하였다. 그리고 기본동작(基本動作)과 상태(狀態)를 중심(中心)으로 격관계(格關係)를 밝힌 초록문(抄錄文)의 문장틀을 제시(提示)하였다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2001년도 추계학술대회 학술발표 논문집
• /
• pp.51-55
• /
• 2001

With the rapid growth of the World Wide Web and electronic information services, information is becoming available on-Line at an incredible rate. One result is the oft-decried information overload. No one has time to read everything, yet we often have to make critical decisions based on what we are able to assimilate. The technology of automatic text summarization is becoming indispensable for dealing with this problem. Text summarization is the process of distilling the most important information from a source to produce an abridged version for a particular user or task. Information retrieval(IR) is the task of searching a set of documents for some query-relevant documents. On the other hand, text summarization is considered to be the task of searching a document, a set of sentences, for some topic-relevant sentences. In this paper, we show that document information, that is more reliable and suitable for query, using document length normalization of which is gained through information retrieval . Experimental results of this system in newspaper articles show that document length normalization method superior to other methods use query itself.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.37-50
• /
• 2000

This paper describes a test of everyday speech understanding ability, in which a listener's utilization of the context-situational information of speech is assessed, and is compared with the utilization of acoustic-phonetic information. The test items are sentences which are presented in a babble type of noise, and the listener response is the key word in the sentence. The key words are always two-syllabic nouns and the questioning sentences are added to obtain the responding key words. Two types of sentences are used. One is the high-predictable sentences for which the key word is somewhat predictable from the context. The other is the low-predictable sentences for which the key-word cannot be predicted from the context. Both types are included in six 40-item forms of the test, which are balanced for intelligibility, key-word familiarity and predictability, phonetic content, and length. Performance of normally hearing listeners shows significantly different functions for various signal-to-noise ratios. The potential applications of this test, particularly in the assessment of speech understanding ability in the hearing impaired, are discussed.

• 대한수학교육학회지:수학교육학연구
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.247-267
• /
• 2016

2009 개정 교육과정에 따른 초등학교 수학 교과서가 한글 교육을 시작한지 얼마 되지 않은 1학년 학생들에게 수학적 내용 지식 이외에 부수적으로 어휘 및 문장의 양과 수준에 의한 어려움을 야기한다는 지적이 있어 왔다. 이에 본 연구는 1학년 수학 교과서의 어휘와 문장의 적합성을 분석하여 시사점을 얻는 것을 목적으로 한다. 어휘 차원에서 난이도와 친숙도, 문장 차원에서 구조, 길이, 표현의 적합성을 분석 내용으로 한다. 분석 결과, 어휘 차원에서 1학년 수준에 난이도가 높은 어휘 108개, 친숙도가 낮은 어휘 6개가 확인되었다. 문장 차원에서는 단문에 비해 구조가 복잡한 중문 37개, 복문 727개, 중복문 38개가 포함된 것으로 나타났으며, 8개 어절을 초과하여 구성된 긴 문장도 237개 추출되었다. 표현 측면에서는 2가지 이상의 활동을 동시에 지시하는 문장 168개, 명사나 형용사가 3개 이상 연속적으로 연결되어 있는 문장 52개 등 어려움의 원인을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과에 기초한 논의로부터 차후 초등 저학년 수학 교과서 개발을 위한 몇 가지 시사점을 제안하였다.