• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2015

Background: Overweight, obesity, and cardiovascular disease risk factors are prevalent among firefighters in some developed countries. It is unclear whether physical activity and cardiopulmonary fitness reduce cardiovascular disease risk and the cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters. The present study investigated the relationship between leisure-time physical activity, cardiopulmonary fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and cardiovascular workload at work in firefighters in Hong Kong. Methods: Male firefighters (n = 387) were randomly selected from serving firefighters in Hong Kong (n = 5,370) for the assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors (obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, known cardiovascular diseases). One-third (Target Group) were randomly selected for the assessment of off-duty leisure-time physical activity using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Maximal oxygen uptake was assessed, as well as cardiovascular workload using heart rate monitoring for each firefighter for four "normal" 24-hour working shifts and during real-situation simulated scenarios. Results: Overall, 33.9% of the firefighters had at least two cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the Target Group, firefighters who had higher leisure-time physical activity had a lower resting heart rate and a lower average working heart rate, and spent a smaller proportion of time working at a moderate-intensity cardiovascular workload. Firefighters who had moderate aerobic fitness and high leisure-time physical activity had a lower peak working heart rate during the mountain rescue scenario compared with firefighters who had low leisure-time physical activities. Conclusion: Leisure-time physical activity conferred significant benefits during job tasks of moderate cardiovascular workload in firefighters in Hong Kong.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the personal and social environmental factors affecting leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among adults living in rural communities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a convenience sample of 282 adults living in three rural towns of Chungcheongbuk province. Leisure time physical activity was assessed through the Korean version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and social influence and social cohesion of social environment were assessed using reliable and validated measures. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore personal and social environmental factors associated with LTPA. Results: The overall prevalence of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) was 40.0%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that LTPA participation was associated with gender (OR=2.60, 95% CI=1.47-4.58), healthy eating (OR=1.15, 95% CI=1.01-1.31), unhealthy eating (OR=0.70, 95% CI=0.53-0.93) and social influence for physical activity (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.03-1.20). However, social cohesion was not correlated with engaging in LTPA. Conclusion: Both personal and social environmental factors are associated with LPTA among rural adults living in Eup-Myen regions. Interventions to promote LTPA would likely benefit from considering healthy dietary intake and social influence for physical activity.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.3 s.43
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• pp.332-346
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• 1993

This study was attempted to observe leisure time physical activity pattern and its relationship to coronary risk factors (BMI, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar). Subjects participated in this study were 277 adult male workers of an industry in Kyungpook province, Korea. Energy expenditure were measured using modified Physical Activity History questionnaire of CARDIA study by interviewing. Serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood sugar level were tested with 5 ml fasting blood and height, weight and blood pressure were masured. Data on smoking and drinking habits and others were obtained. Geometric mean of leisure time physical energy expenditure were estimated as 212.80 kcal per week for study subjects and only 22.4% of them expended 2,000 kcal or more per week in leisure time physical activity. Taking walks or hikes and jogging or running were more frequent leisure time physical activities in study subjects. Statistically significant mean differences in total weekly leisure time physical activity for all coronary risk factors were not found among three groups. Because energy expenditure of leisure time was generally low in this subjects and most of them were healthy men, we did not found that leisure time physical activity was significantly associated with coronary risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the association between sitting time and BMI-defined low weight and overweight/obesity in Korean adolescents. Methods: Data were from Adolescent Health Behavior Online Survey (KYRBS) in 2015 including 63,345 adolescents aged 12-18 years. The analysis investigated low-weight and overweight/obesity odds ratio(OR) according to study sitting time and leisure sitting time adjusted for sex, school grade, social-economic status(SES), physical activity and sleeping time. Results: After adjusting for sex, school grade, SES, physical activity and sleeping time, study sitting time and leisure sitting time were not significantly associated with low-weight. However, leisure sitting time was positively associated with overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Health program to less sitting time should be established with consideration for differences in risk according to sex, age, SES and active leisure time through the school physical class should be provided to adolescents. Additionally, strategies to promote healthy weight are required to integrate sitting time, physical activity and sleeping time in Korean adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.385-393
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• 2004

This study examined the relations of educational level and life-style behaviors to the obesity. A total of 507 male adults aged 30 - 50 years completed the self-reported questionnaires. Educational level was used for measuring socioeconomic status. Activity at work, leisure-time activity and TV watching were measured for life-style behaviors related to physical activity, and some demographic and family history of disease as well. Subjects were categorized as obese when BMI was equal to or over 25kg/$m^2$, in which 19.7％ resulted obesity. Using multivariate logistic regression, the association between the measured factors and obesity was assessed. The odds ratios (OR) for risk of obesity did not differ with either age or monthly income. Subjects who completed high school (OR = 0.36; 95％ CI = 0.20 - 0.66) or university (OR = 0.34; 95％ CI = 0.16 - 0.71) had lower risk of obesity than those with education below middle school. Those with moderate activity level at work (OR = 0.41; 95％ CI = 0.24 - 0.72) showed lower risk of obesity than in inactive ones. The subjects watching TV more than 3.5 hr/day presented higher risk of obesity (OR = 2.46; 95％ CI = 1.28 - 4.74), compared with those watching TV less than 1.5 hr/day. The higher risk of obesity observed in high level of leisure time activity than in low one was considered due to that physical activity at work and leisure-time might counteract each other. Educational level and activity at work or leisure-time activity or TV watching were jointed and categorized, and then OR for obesity was estimated. The extent of obesity risk at a given level of each work activity or leisure-time activity or TV watching was different depending the educational level, which was significantly high when educational level was below middle school. Educational difference had no effect on activity level at work. However, higher educational attainment increased the leisure activity and reduced TV watching (p＜0.05), indicating that low education tended to contribute to more sedentary life-style. The findings of this study is concluded that low education was related to obesity in adult males, and its relation can partly be explained through acquiring inactive life-style behaviors. Individuals with low education might be more susceptible to the risk factors of obesity.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.567-579
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was conducted to clarify physical activity university students on time perspective in leisure constraints and leisure flow. To achieve this purpose, subjects of this study were sampled 295 Physical Activity University Students participant using purposeful sampling method for 2 months from May to June of 2017. Using questionnaires stratified cluster random sampling in university students in D city and C city. The analysis method was used t-test, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression analysis, correlation analysis methods in order to solve problems of the study. According to the study Result, First, studies show that female have high levels of leisure constraints than males. Males have higher levels of leisure flow than females. The first grader show high level of individual constraints and past negation were also high. In the series of majors, natural affiliates and humanities are high in the past negation, present destiny, the service major currently high in pleasure and of leisure, autotelic experience of leisure flow. In the rhythmic type of Activity type, the past negation, present destiny and leisure constraints are highly likely to be higher. In the competitive have shown that is high. Second, leisure constraints on students' participation in physical activities have been found to have negative influence on their students. Third, leisure flow have shown that they have a positive effect on past affirmation and present pleasure.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.2 s.53
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• pp.173-186
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• 1996

This is a cross-sectional study to evaluate the relationships between physical fitness, leisure time physical activity, and serum lipid levels in middle-aged male workers. Physical fitness was measured by a step test score, and leisure time physical activity was self-reported on a questionnaire. Serum total cholesterol was negatively related to physical fitness(r=-0.27), and positively to obesity index(r=0.27). But leisure time physical activity was related to total cholesterol negatively(r=-0.20) only in subjects whose total cholesterol levels were above 170mg/dl. High density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol was positively related to physical fitness(r=0.15), negatively to obestiy index(r=-0.22), and positively to weekly alcohol consumption(r=0.14). Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio was related to physical fitness(r=-0.23), obesity index(r=0.32), total cigarette index (r=0.13), weekly alcohol consumption(r=-0.13), and vegetable preference(r=0.13). Physical fitness was also related to leisure time physical activity(r=0.19) and obesity index(r=-0.18). In multiple linear regression models, physical fitness(beta=-0.23) and obesity index(beta=0.18) were significantly associated with total cholesterol, obesity index(beta=-0.25) with HDLcholesterol, and obesity index(beta=0.30), physical fitness(beta=-0.16) and vegetable preference (beta=0.14) with total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. In conclusion, as physical fitness has a stronger relationship with serum lipid levels than leisure time physical activity, and the association between physical fitness and leisure time physical activity is modest, physical fitness should be added as an important variable in addition to activity in future epidemiologic studies.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.298-307
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of physical activity on glycemic control among Koreans with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 215 patients with type 2 diabetes (82 male and 133 female) were recruited (mean age = $59.0{\pm}9.7$ years). The amounts of physical activity was assessed using the physical activity scale for elderly (PASE). Fasting blood glucose (FBG), Hemoglobin A1c ($HbA_1c$), and 2 hours post-prandial glucose (2hrPG) were measured. Results: The highest PASE score was housework-related physical activity. However, the amounts of walking was significantly higher in good FBG level (Z = 1.39, p=.041) and the amounts of leisure-time physical activity was higher in good HbA1 and 2hrPG level than in the poor glycemic control group (Z = 2.29, p<.001; Z = 1.99, p=.001). A logistic regression analysis showed that patients with leisure-time physical activity in the top quartile more likely presented with good glycemic control in $HbA_1c$, OR=3.84 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.65~8.95) and in 2hrPG, OR=4.06 (95%CI = 1.77~9.27), compared to patients in the lowest quartile. Conclusion: Leisure-time physical activity is effective for controlling the glucose levels, especially $HbA_1c$ and 2hrPG among type 2 diabetic patients. It is suggested that health providers need to more focus on providing aggressive recommendations on physical activity considering physical activity patterns by individuals.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.311-316
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• 2021

Background: The present study investigated the association between two domains of physical activity (occupational physical activity [OPA] and leisure-time physical activity [LTPA]) and sleep duration. Methods: We investigated 3,421 paid workers from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2014-2015. Sleep duration was categorized into three categories (short for less than 5 h, optimal for 5-9 h, and long for more than 9 h). OPA and LTPA were defined in terms of answers to relevant questions. Odds ratios were calculated for sleep duration according to each physical activity domain using multinomial logistic regression models. Results: There were 464 subjects (13.6%) who showed short sleep duration, and 169 subjects (4.9%) who showed long sleep duration. Prevalence of OPA and LTPA was higher in male workers than in female workers (for OPA: 3.67% and 1.76%, respectively, p = 0.0108; for LTPA: 16.14% and 6.07%, respectively, p < 0.0001). The odds ratio of OPA for long sleep duration in female workers was 3.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.37-8.21). Otherwise, LTPA was not associated with sleep duration in female paid workers, nor both physical activity domains in male paid workers. Conclusion: Female paid workers with work-related physical activity were at risk of oversleeping. These findings also suggested that physical activity has distinct associations with sleep duration according to the physical activity domains and sex.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2008

In order to develop leisure activity programs, the responses of 900 middle and high school students to a questionnaire survey were analyzed. Between May 7 and May 21, 2007. we routinely interviewed adolescent (middle and high school) students from Daegu City. After initial screening, the responses of 874 students were used for statistical and descriptive analysis. The findings were as follows: 1) Respondents indicated the highest preference for 9-leisure activity programs, with physical training rating the highest. 2) Adolescent requirement for leisure activity programs varied according to demographic factors; sex, age, religion, family living standards level, monthly average allowance. 3) Adolescent requirement for leisure activity programs varied according to value disposition patterns; materialism and job achievement-oriented value disposition, human relationship-oriented value disposition, enjoyment-oriented value disposition. 4) Adolescent requirement for leisure activity programs varied according to leisure-constrains factors; social constrains, individual and time constrains, family constrains, economic constrains.