• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.55-88
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• 2002

Arbitration Act does not have express provision about voluntary agreement for the arbitration which third party, that is, the expert confirms factual bases of party's relationship of rights and duties, determines contents of the contract, and supplements or modifies contracts, and then the parties obey the expert's decision, but it is more probable that the parties can agree to this kind of arbitration agreement as long as they freely make a contract within the scope of law. However, there is a split of authority on the scope of such arbitration agreement. Some scholars argue that the parties can only agree on the extent of the expert's confirmation about factual situations of party's relationship of rights and duties or contents of the contract. On the other hand, the other scholars argue that the parties can consent not only the expert's confirmation about factual situations of party's relationship of rights and duties or contents of contract, but also the expert's supplement or modification of contents of contract. Due to the expert's decision has effect on both parties and judges who give a judgment as a matter of law, this kind of arbitration agrement can contribute to prevent litigation. Also arbitration relieves court's burden, if such arbitration agreement was done on the important disputes. Considering that the arbitration agreement can function as a dispute resolution or a dispute prevention, it is desirable that legislators make the provision about this kind of arbitration and allow the application of arbitration Act in such arbitration agreement. Most scholars agree that the voluntary agreement for the arbitration as to third party's supplement or modification of contents of the contract can be included in the concept of a substantive law. However, it has not been concluded whether the voluntary agreement for the arbitration which follows the expert's confirmation about factual situations of party's relationship of rights and duties or contents of the contract has the nature of substantive law or procedural law. The dispute about the nature of such arbitration agreement have some shortcomings in the effect of second kind of voluntary arbitration and the applicability of procedural principles. Therefore, it will be more adequate that the focus is given to the original function of this kind of arbitration agreement and the applicability of procedural principles (the neutrality of arbitrator, the assurance of hearing of the parties) rather than the dispute regarding the nature of this kind of arbitration agreement. Considering that more attention is given to the substitutive dispute resolution these days, the function of arbitration as prevention to the litigation and resolution before the litigation should be emphasized. To do this, a legal dispute about such arbitration agreement has to be resolved. More important issues in this kind of arbitration agreement are to retain of the neutral expert and to positively inform the benefits of this institution to the public.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.225-261
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• 2005

Under Article IV of the United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (New York Convention), in order to obtain the recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, a party applying for recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award shall supply (a) the duly authenticated original award or a duly certified copy thereof and (b) the original arbitration agreement or a duly certified copy thereof. In addition, if the arbitral award or arbitration agreement is not made in an official language of the country in which the award is relied upon, the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the award shall produce a translation of these documents into such language, and the translation shall be certified by an official or sworn translator or by a diplomatic or consular agent. In a case where a Vietnamese company which had obtained a favorable arbitral award in Vietnam applied for recognition and enforcement of a Vietnamese arbitral award before a Korean court, the recent Korean Supreme Court Judgment (Docket No. 2004 Da 20180. 'Judgment') rendered on December 12, 2004 has alleviated the document requirements as follows : The Judgment held that (i) the party applying for recognition andenforcement of a foreign arbitral award does not have to strictly comply with the document requirements when the other party does not dispute the existence and the content of the arbitral award and the arbitration agreement and that (ii) in case the translation submitted to the court does not satisfy the requirement of Article 4, the court does not have to dismiss the case on the ground that the party applying for recognition and enforcement of a foreign arbitral award has failed to comply with the translation requirement under Article 4, and instead may supplement the documents by obtaining an accurate Korean translation from an expert translator at the expense of the party applying for recognition and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. In this regard, the author fully supports the view of the Judgment. Finally, the Judgment held that, even though the existence of a written arbitration agreement was not disputed at the arbitration, there was no written arbitration agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant and wenton to repeal the judgment of the second instance which admitted the existence of a written arbitration agreement between the parties. In this regard, the author does not share the view of the Judgment. The author believes that considering the trend of alleviating the formality requirement of arbitration agreements under Article 2 of the New York Convention, the Supreme Court could have concluded that there was a written arbitration agreement because the defendant participated in thearbitration proceedings in Vietnam without disputing the formality requirement of the arbitration agreement. Or the Supreme Court should have taken the view that the defendant was no longer permitted to dispute the formality requirement of the arbitration agreement because otherwise it would be clearly against the doctrine of estoppel.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제17권
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• pp.111-132
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• 2003

항공운송산업은 그 성격상 국가간 인적 교류의 수단으로서의 중요성이 가장 높다. 항공에 의한 국가간 교류가 이루어지면 이에 따르는 파급효과 및 그 지속성이 타 산업에 비해 월등하기 때문에 항공운송산업에 대한 연구는 국제협력 또는 통합과 관련한 국가 정책은 물론 관련 산업분야의 측면에서 매우 중요하고 가치가 있다. 특히 최근 북한과의 경제교류가 활발해 짐에 따라 북한과의 연결교통망으로서 항공운송의 역할이 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 남북 정상회담이후 급격하게 증가되고 있는 남북간 항공기 운항이 정상적이 아닌 임시 직항로를 설정하여 운영하고 있고, 그 운항회수도 매년 증가하고 있는 점을 고려할때, 남북한 임시 직항로의 운영상 과제를 국제적으로 정한 기준으로 해결하지 아니한 상태에서 지속적으로 운영하는 것은 바람직하지 않다고 본다. 따라서, 본 연구는 남북한 민간항공의 협력이라는 큰 틀위에서 국가적 과업과 효과적인 항공정책의 수립을 위한 기초자료의 제공을 위해 군이통제하는 북한의 민항공에 대한 현황을 분석해 보고, 현재 남북 양국간에 진행중인 "남 북한간 민간항공기에 의한 협력 방안"으로서 "정부의 협력방안과 항공사간 협력방안"을 제시하였고 남북한간에 설정운영중인 "임시 직항로의 운영상 과제"에 대한 개선 대안으로서 임시직항로의 안전확보를 위해서 양국간에 항공관제협정을 체결하여 운영할 것을 제시하였고, 낙후된 기술 요원과 시설에 대한 지원도 하여줄 것을 제시하였다.

• 경영과정보연구
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.101-118
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• 2014

2000년대 중반 '참여, 공유, 개방'을 키워드로 하는 웹 2.0이 등장하여 하나의 사회 전반적인 문화코드로 자리잡아가고 있다. 수동적 참여자에서 능동적 사용자로의 변화를 핵심으로 하는 웹 2.0은 지금까지 진화하며 발전해나가고 있다. 하지만 진화과정에서 웹 2.0과 관련된 현실적 문제점 역시 지속적으로 나타나고 있으며, 본 연구는 이 가운데 사이버윤리성의 문제점에 초점을 두고자 한다. 사이버윤리성의 문제는 기술적 접근이나 법적 접근으로 해결하기에는 한계가 있으므로 본 연구는 사이버윤리성에 영향을 미치는 개인적 특성, 사회적 영향, 문화적 특성 등을 총체적으로 검토하고자 한다. 구체적으로 본 연구의 목적은 (1) 웹 2.0 환경에서 사용자의 개인적 특성(자기효능감, 자기통제)은 사이버윤리성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가, (2) 웹 2.0의 사회적 영향요인인 주관적 규범이 사이버윤리성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가, (3) 사용자의 사이버윤리성은 사용자의 웹 2.0 서비스 참여형태(조회, 생산)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 가이다, 그리고 마지막으로 (4) 국가 간 문화적 차이에 따라 사회적 영향이 사이버윤리성에 미치는 효과는 어떻게 달라지는 가이다. 사용자의 개인적 특성, 사회적 영향요인, 사이버윤리성과 서비스 참여수준의 4가지 구성개념을 기반으로 연구모형이 제시되었으며, 이러한 연구모형은 한국과 미국에서 수집된 설문지를 기반으로 구조방정식 모형을 통해 검증되었다. 검증결과, 개인적 특성인 자기효능감과 자기통제력, 그리고 사회적 영향요인인 주관적 규범은 사이버윤리성에 유의한 영향을 미치며, 이후 생산적 참여활동에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제60권
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• pp.3-26
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• 2013

Seller's obligation on the Delivery of Goods and Handing over the Documents are key elements in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CISG) has been entered into force on 1 January 1988 to create international certainty and uniformity in the law and to govern issues that arise in an international sale of goods transaction. The Incoterms were first published by the ICC in 1936 and were most recently revised in 2010. Incoterms 2010 are entering into force on 1 January 2011. The Incoterms focus on the seller's delivery obligations and reflect the principle that the risk of loss or damage to the goods passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled its obligations to deliver the goods. This study highlights basic rules covering seller's obligation of delivery of goods and handing over the documents under the Incoterms 2010 and the United Nations Convention and Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. In the second chapter, this study will provide analyses and compare these two legal systems in relation to the basic rules governing delivery of goods and passing of risks in contract of sale. This chapter evaluates the meaning of Article 31 and Article 67(1) and FOB, CFR, CIF & FCA, CPT, CIP terms of Incoterms 2010. Chapter Three will focus on handing over the documents. Article 30 CISG imposes the seller's primary obligations to deliver the goods and to hand over documents relating to them. Article 34 CISG supplements the seller's obligation in relation to documents by providing that the seller must hand over documents relating to the goods. In contrast, Article 58(1) CISG imposes on the buyer the obligation to pay only when it has received the goods or documents controlling their disposition. I reviewed only some of the documents relating to the goods are documents controlling their disposition. This chapter considers the meaning of the phrase "documents that control the disposition of the goods and do not control disposition of the goods." Finally, the fourth chapter will assess the meaning of rules of CISG and Incoterms 2010.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.47-69
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• 2010

From the review of Korean arbitration systems with the comparison of those of other countries, we can summarize some issues to be tackled as follows: First, Korean arbitration system started with the purpose of export promotion. This may be the main reason that various domestic disputes have not been resolved by arbitration. Second, the Korean Arbitration Law applies to private disputes. The Law's arbitration scope is wider than that of China and France, but narrower than that of the U.S.A. that encompasses a variety of disputes in the filed of consumer, labor, medical services, patents, etc. Third, active judges or public officials in Korea can not be arbitrator and there is no arbitration court. However, if chief judge allows the necessity, court's judges in the UK can be arbitrator with the mutual agreement of the parties and also arbitration system is operated in the court. Fourth, the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board(KCAB), the only representative institution for arbitration in Korea, is under the Ministry of Knowledge Economy(MKE). This makes it difficult for the KCAB to handle other disputes related to the Ministry of Health and Welfare, the Ministry of Strategy and Finance, the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, the Ministry of Employment and Labor, etc. Fifth, as mentioned, the KCAB is the unique institution for arbitration by the Law in Korea, while other countries allow have a diversity of arbitration agencies such as maritime arbitration organization, consumer arbitration institution, arbitration court, etc. Therefore, we suggest some ideas to expand the arbitration's area of coverage in Korea as follows: First, there should be more active policies that promote various domestic disputes to be settled by the arbitration system. Second, it is quite needed to expand the scope of arbitration to cover many disputes in the fields of consumer, labor, medical service, advertising, fair trade, etc. Third, there should be discussions to allow court judges as arbitrator and to introduce the arbitration court. Fourth, the KCAB should strengthen its status and roles as general arbitration organization to overcome the limited scope of commercial disputes. For this, there should be the strong support and coordination among the MKE and other government agencies. Fifth, to reduce the burden of the court's complicated and expensive procedures, more efficient disputes resolution systems should be established on the basis of the parties' free will. Each central government agency should streamline the legal barriers to allow industrial organizations under its control to establish their own or joint arbitration system with the KCAB.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2006

IPTV는 하나의 셋톱박스로 TV와 연결, DSL망이나 광가입자망(FTTH)나 광동축혼합망(HFC)을 통해 초고속인터넷 방송 데이터서비스 전자상거래 등을 제공하는 서비스를 말한다. 최근 IPTV에 대한 사회적 분위기가 무르익으면서 통신사업자들 사이에서는 더 이상 IPTV 투자계획을 미룰 수 없다는 절박함과 함께 네트워크 고도화 전략이 IPTV 서비스의 승부처로 부각되고 있다. 인터넷 IPTV 인터넷전화 등 트리플플레이서비스(TPS)를 제공하기 위해서는 광케이블을 이용한 FTTH 구축이 필수적이다. IPTV를 염두에 둔 통신사들의 네트워크 전략은 특히 현재의 초고속인터넷망 주류인 xDSL이나 케이블모뎀 망(HFC)이 광랜이나 광가입자망(FTTH) 등 100Mbps급으로 바뀌는 촉매제 역할을 할 것으로 예상된다. 대용량 멀티미디어, 즉 TV프로그램도 실시간으로 전송할 수 있는 초고속인터넷 가입자망의 진화에 따라 등장한 IPTV는 방송법상의 종합유선방송(케이블TV)과 사실상 동일한 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. IPTV는 케이블TV업계의 존립을 흔들 수 있는 위협적인 존재가 아닐 수 없다. 비즈니스 모델이 똑같기 때문입니다. 시장 정체에 빠진 유선 통신사업자는 케이블TV방송사(SO)에 대응해 초고속인터넷 시장을 지키기 위해서라도 반드시 방송부문의 협력이 필요한 상황이다. 분명한 것은 IPTV가 컨버전스 시대의 신규 서비스로, 소비자에게 다양한 서비스의 선택권을 제공해 국민의 편의를 높일 것이다. 이에 따른 통신 업체의 정부의 역할에 대하여 논의한다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.1073-1084
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• 2016

본 연구의 목적은 국내 잊힐 권리 연구의 동향을 분석함으로써 관련 분야의 올바른 연구 방향을 제시하는데 있다. 잊힐 권리는 개인정보삭제청구권, 망각권 또는 개인정보자기결정권과 같은 권리와 함께 사회과학분야에서 연구하거나 디지털소멸이나 정보삭제와 같은 기술(서비스)과 함께 공학분야에서도 연구된 바 있다. 따라서 다양한 학문의 연구논문을 검색하여 최종 80편을 연구대상으로 선정하고 7개 분석기준과 3개 연구문제를 설정하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, EU 규칙(안)이 공표된 2012년을 기점으로 사회과학분야를 중심으로 한 연구량이 현저히 증가하고, 문제탐색을 중심으로 법학중심의 연구가 문헌조사나 법제연구방법을 통해 활발히 수행되었음을 알 수 있다. 시간이 흐를수록 보호대상과 권리충돌 주제의 심화연구 또한 증가하였다. 잊힐 권리가 빅데이터, 디지털정보 등의 다양하고 복합적 이슈임을 고려할 때 잊힐 권리의 구현을 지원하는 기술(서비스)이나 실현범위 및 방법과 함께 심도 있는 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구는 국내를 대상으로 한 한계가 있으나 향후 국외 비교분석과 함께 본 연구결과는 효율적인 잊힐 권리의 연구 방향을 제시하는데 중요한 이정표가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2005

비행장 주위의 자연장애물이나 인공구조물들은 비행장운영의 효율성에 중대한 영향을 주며, 기상조건에 따라 항공기의 이착륙을 제한한다. 이런 이유로 인하여 비행장 주위의 장애물은 활주로나 관련되는 시설보다도 공항의 효율성과 비행안전에 더 큰 영향을 준다. 따라서 ICAO를 비롯한 대다수의 국가에서는 비행장 주위의 장애물을 제한하는 장애물제한표면을 설정하여 장애물을 제한할 뿐만 아니라 장애물제한구역 밖의 장애물도 제한하고 있다. 이런 장애물 제한표면을 침투하는 장애물은 영구적인 장애물에 의하여 차폐되어지거나, 항공학적 연구를 통하여 항공기운항에 영향이 없다는 것이 판명되지 않는 한 제거되어 진다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 장애물제한구역에 외측수평표면이 없어 다른 나라에 비하여 협소할 뿐만 아니라, 장애물제한구역 밖의 장애물에 대한 제한도 법적근거가 없이 시행되고 있어 비행안전과 재산권보호라는 상반된 문제가 대립하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 문헌연구와 서울공항의 사례분석을 통하여 비행장장애물제한구역 밖의 장애물이 비행안전과 공항운영의 효율성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 장애물의 위치에 따라 장애물제한구역 밖의 장애물이 비행안전과 비행장의 운영에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수가 있음을 나타내었다. 따라서 장애물제한구역 밖에 있는 150m를 초과하는 물체는 항공학적 연구를 통하여 항공기운항에 악영향을 끼치지 않는다는 것이 증명되기 전에는 장애물로 간주되어야 한다. 이런 문제를 해결하기 위한 네 가지 대안이 제시되었으며, 규제대상을 가능한 축소하기 위해서는 ICAO의 권고사항을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.163-192
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• 1997

As the population over the age of 65 increases, the demand for nurses who care for this group also continues to grow. Well-prepared nurses who are knowledgeable and skilled for the elderly can be prepared through systematic gerontological nursing curricula. This study was carried out to identify the needs for gerontological nursing curricular contents. The subjects for this study were two participant groups the educators who teach gerontological nursing in three-year and four-year baccalaureate nursing programs, and the nurses who are working with the elderly in hospitals, community health centers, social welfare agencies, and community health practioner's posts. The major findings of the study are as follows : 1. The differences between actual contents and essential contents of the educators : Concerning the actual contents that is actually taught, the educators showed the highest scores on the demographics of older adults and the lowest scores on the cultural variations affecting health care. Regarding the essential contents, the educators showed the highest scores on the demographics and the lowest scores on the economics of aging. Aside from the demographics, all of the items were found to have significant differences between essential and actual contents. This implies that all the content areas except demographics should be emphasized. 2. The differences between actual knowledge and essential knowledge of the nurses : Concerning the nurses' actual knowledge, the nurses showed the highest scores on the common health problems and their treatment and the lowest scores on the politics of aging. Regarding the essential knowledge, nurses showed the highest scores on the chronic illness and common health problems and the lowest scores on their roles and functions. However, they thought all the items to be essential. All of the items were found to have significant differences between actual and essential knowledge. The nurses who studied gerontological nursing in their school years and after graduating had more knowledge. However, they felt more knowledge was needed. This implies that the nurses need more education in all content areas of gerontological nursing. 3. The differences between educators and nurses : Concerning the essential contents, the educators showed higher scores on the demographics and growth and development than the nurses. Whereas, the nurses showed higher scores on the cultural variations, long-term care, economics of aging, politics of aging, legal and ethical issues, and common health problems than the educators. 4. Activities of nursing care for the elderly : Most common activities were related to direct nursing care such as giving physical care, counseling/teaching clients, and assessing and planning care for the clients. Nurses thought that all the items were critical, but they showed relatively low scores on the following :'serve on multidisciplinary committee', 'preparing reports', 'evaluation of outcomes of care', 'determine policy for nursing service', 'set patient care standards', and 'participate in nursing research' The constraints in providing better nursing service were time constraints, administrative restraints, social restraints, and inadequate knowledge.