• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 1998

The objective of this study is to investigate the optimum conditions of extracting collagen without chrome ion from the leather waste. The effect of temperature, pH, and the concentration of alkaline solution on the collagen extraction has been studied. The result indicated that the incipient denatured temperature of collagen measured by viscosity was $25^{\circ}C$ and the complete denatured temperature was $31.5^{\circ}C$. The optimum solubilization condition for temperature was between $15^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, pH was 1.5, the concentration of alkaline solution was 3% of sodium hydroxide. The almost complete chrome ion separation was possible around the pH of 1.5. The separation efficiency of chrome ion from tannery waste was more than 99.5%. Extraction efficiency of crude protein from leather waste was about 89.5%. The hydroxyproline and collagen content in the extracted crude protein were 8.53% and 63.62%, respectively.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.127-139
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• 2019

Up-cycling has evolved from its original form of the simple recycling of waste, into an industry of its own that has been gaining momentum. In many developed industries, up-cycling is increasingly seen as an 'environmentally-friendly way of production and ethical way of consumption'. However, an examination of the designs of branded up-cycled products suggests that there is a need for product development fueled by further research on materials. The purpose of this study is to introduce various production methods that can overcome the shortcomings of using waste material and Korean motifs for use in product development, which ultimately contribute to enhancing the potential variety and character of up-cycled products. In order to do so, the up-cycling industry was examined to define key concepts, domestic and overseas markets were surveyed, and case analyses were conducted on domestic and foreign up-cycling brands. In addition, after tracking how leather is discarded and accumulated as waste and then collecting the discarded leather, the properties of the material were analyzed. A study of Korean motifs was followed by the concept summary, and upcycling design expressions that exemplify Korean images were identified. The following two novel methods were used to create six up-cycled bags using collected discarded leather. First, lucky bags and moon pots were selected from various Korean motifs in order to use motifs with identifiable features. Secondly, different variations of cutting and attachment methods were used, including iron mold production methods and presses.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.98-109
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• 2002

Each kinds of the leather process wastes which is occurred in the leather making process is almost more than 50% on the basis of the raw hide. The emitted process wastes are important oil and fats and protein resources because they are composed of animal oil and fats and fibrous protein. But most of them are incinerate or filled up simply as the industrial wastes without applying to recycling into the other use. Thus the problems of environmental pollution are becoming more critical and the processing cost of the leather process wastes (40,000~60,000 won) is a heavy burden on the production cost. Because the organic wastes such as fleshing scrap, pelt scrap are high fetid, its unlawful abandonment without being processed properly causes the occurrence of secondary pollution by an offensive odor and leakage of waste water. Thus we made the re-resource experiments in order to resolve this problems. The principal contents of this study are to process the collected leather waste scrape through separate the oil and fat ingredients with various propert by processing various chemicals and enzymes on the next effector. The re-resource application of separated oil and fat ingredients produced chemical for leather applicable to manufacturing process of leather through chemical transformation process(sulphation reaction, sulphitation reaction etc.) of oil and fats.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.161-165
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• 1997

This experiment were carried out to clarify the effects of several factory wastes on the emergence and seedling growth of five crop species, rice, Chinese cabbage, melon, and tomato. Wastes of three factories treated by several concentrations on the soil in which crop were seeded. In rice seedling experiments, the rice seedlings were treated with factory wastes hydroponically. Factory wastes used in the experiment were obtained from leather, phenol resin, and dye factory. The growth of rice seedlings was inhibited by each factory wastes, but the dry weight of rice seedling was increased by the low concentration below 1/16 dilution of leather factory waste. During 15 days, dry matter accumulation of rice seedlings treated with undiluted factory wastes decreased to 46.0, 51.4, -5.4% of control by treating wastes of phenol resin, leather, and dye factory respectively. The injury of crops by leather factory waste was severe in tomato but slight in barley. Waste of phenol resin factory affects highly both on Chinese cabbage and on melon. When dye factory waste was treated on each crop, all plants died in the treatments of waste solution which diluted to 1/8 of original waste. Tomato and melon were most sensitive crop species to the waste of dye factory. Although the responses of crops to each factory waste were various, the degree of injuries were more higher in vegetables than cereal crops.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.183-187
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is providing basic data to control the air pollutants from solid waste incinerator. Incinerating the waste wood, the electrostatic precipitator had the best collection efficiency. The leather incineration had the same collection efficiency as synthetic resin incineration. And the coarse particle collection efficiency was high. As you know in correlation of leather incineration. pollutants produced a from incinerator are mostly fine particles. If the scrubber used only in the process produced a lot of fine particles. It is adequate to use the above control devices, together with high efficiency collector like bag-filter. To select the adequate control devices, it is required to investigate the size distribution before establishing control devices.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.1004-1014
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• 2013

Six nonpathogenic fungal strains isolated from alkaline soils of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina (Acremonium murorum, Aspergillus sidowii, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Neurospora tetrasperma, Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus), and Westerdikella dispersa) were tested for their ability to produce keratinolytic enzymes. Strains were grown on feather meal agar as well as in solid-state and submerged cultures, using a basal mineral medium and "hair waste" as sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. All the tested fungi grew on feather meal agar, but only three of them were capable of hydrolyzing keratin, producing clear zones. Among these strains, P. lilacinum produced the highest proteolytic and keratinolytic activities, both in solid-state and submerged fermentations. The medium composition and culture conditions for the keratinases production by P. lilacinum were optimized. Addition of glucose (5 g/l) and yeast extract (2.23 g/l) to the basal hair medium increased keratinases production. The optimum temperature and initial pH for the enzyme production were $28^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. A beneficial effect was observed when the original concentration of four metal ions, present in the basal mineral medium, was reduced up to 1:10. The maximum yield of the enzyme was 15.96 $U_c/ml$ in the optimal hair medium; this value was about 6.5-fold higher than the yield in the basal hair medium. These results suggest that keratinases from P. lilacinum can be useful for biotechnological purposes such as biodegradation (or bioconversion) of hair waste, leading to a reduction of the environmental pollution caused by leather technology with the concomitant production of proteolytic enzymes and protein hydrolyzates.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.525-539
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• 2020

A site containing buried solid waste and treated water and oil storage containers from a leather manufacturing plant was studied through soil and groundwater pollution and electrical resistivity surveys with the aim of identifying areas polluted by leachate generated by landfilling with leather waste and leakage wastewater. It was found that TPH and Zn exceeded environmental standards for soil pollution and, for leachate and groundwater, Cr(VI) concentrations exceeded standard levels for groundwater quality. An electrical resistivity survey was used to elucidate soil and groundwater pollution characteristics and diffusion pathways. Ten survey lines were set up with an electrode spacing of 5 m in a dipole-dipole array. The hydraulic characteristics of soil determined by groundwater contamination surveys matched well the low-resistivity-anomaly zones. Electrical resistivity surveys of areas containing contaminated soil and groundwater that have irregular strata due to waste reclamation are thus useful in highlighting vertical and horizontal pollutant diffusion pathways and in monitoring contaminated and potentially contaminated areas.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.93-99
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• 2000

Treatment of shaving scrap, a chrome containing solid scrap generated by leather manufacturing process, has been so far depended on mainly incineration, soil landfill and ocean dumping, which give bad impact on environment and cause pollution. Shaving scrap generates from the mechanical work for controlling the final thickness of leather and its main components are collagen protein and pan of chromium compound. For the purpose of reusing this leather waste as resources, researches in connection with collagen fiber recovery, gelable protein recovery and liquid fertilizer is being speedily progressed. In the experiment, shaving scrap went through wet pulverizing treatment by physical and chemical methods. Then, making the leather sheet evenly, it is mixed with natural latex and every kind of binding materials in the container, and the mixtures were passed through experimental hydraulic press machine and applied to Fourdrinier machine respectively. Lastly, a test for fading out physical strength and properties of multiple-purpose of leather-like material was performed on a continuous leather sheet prepared by the experiment. In result, the physical strength and properties of leather-like material showed noticeable differences according to mixing ratio of binding materials, beating methods and the Ends of binding materials selected, and generally tear strength was the weakest property among others. Also, by the pilot scale experiment in sequence, it was possible to manufacture recycled goods made of soft and hard types of leather-like material with various performances.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2020

Shaving dust is a collagen fiber that is the leather waste occurred for thickness adjustment during the natural leather manufacturing process, and causes problems such as an environmental contamination because of a chromium (Cr) contained when it comes to reclaiming process. Various studies applying the shaving dust are currently being conducted in many countries across the world with an initiative by the EU. Of those applications, the bonded leather is being highlighted as a substitute for natural leather. Since the bonded leather, however, uses latex as a binder, accordingly it entails a high weight and a poor ventilation, which are deemed as disadvantages due to its dense internal tissues compared to other synthetic leathers. To address such disadvantages, this study employed the thermally expandable micro sphere to improve its air permeability and light weight by alleviating the internal structure. This is a study on the manufacturing of light bonded leather using the shaving dusts. In the study, the shaving dusts were forced to foam under 100~120℃ considering the heat resistance of collagen fiber after applying the thermally expandable micro sphere, and then the tendency was analyzed. In the analysis results, the most excellent foaming rate was exhibited when the shaving dusts were treated under 120℃ for 8 minutes and the variation of internal structure according to a foaming was observed through SEM analysis for the cross-section of the bonded leather.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1995.03a
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• pp.135-159
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• 1995

Typical Solid Waste Stream Composition : Paper and paperboard (41%), Glass (8.2%), Metals (8.7%), Plastics (6.5%), Rubers, Leather, Textiles and Wood (8.1%), Food Wastes (7.9%), Yard Wastes (17.9%), Miscellaneous Inorganic Wastes (1.6%).